Lecture 2 BIO201

BIO201/Spring 2020
IJn
Introduction to
Biochemistry & Biotechnology
Lecture #2
Show respect to
your teachers,
classmates, other
people and property
2
Diverse living organisms share common
chemical features
FIGURE 1–2
Animals, plants and microorganisms share with humans
the same basic structural units (cells) and the same kinds of
macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins).
Shown here is a detail from “The Garden of Eden,” by Jan van Kessel
the Younger (1626–1679).
Q1. What is the basic structural unit of all living organisms?
Q2. Which macromolecules are shared by all living organisms?
Foundations of Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms.
There are five foundations of biochemistry:

1. Cellular
2. Chemical
3. Physical (thermodynamic)
4. Genetic
5. Evolutionary
Q1. What is biochemistry?

Q2. Name the foundations of biochemistry.

1. Cellular
2. Chemical
4. Genetic
5. Evolutionary
1. Cellular foundation
Q1. What are the universal features of a living cell?

All cells have plasma membrane, DNA and cytoplasm
Cells with nuclear envelopes are called eukaryotes

(Greek eu, “true” and karyon “nucleus”).
Cells without nuclear envelopes-bacterial cells-are
called prokaryotes (Greek pro, “before”).
The three major components of a cell are:
1. Nucleus (in eukaryotes) or nucleoid (in
prokaryotes) that contains DNA
2. Plasma membrane
3. Cytoplasm
Q1. Define prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Q2. Where will you find DNA in an animal cell?
Three distinct domains of life: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Eukaryotes
-Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) grow in

harsh conditions like salt lakes, hot springs,
acidic bogs, ocean depth.
-Eubacteria (true bacteria) live in soils,
surface waters, tissues of organisms.
FIGURE 1–4 Phylogeny of the three domains of
life. Phylogenetic relationships are often -Eukaryotes are more closely related with
illustrated by a “family tree” of this type. The archaebacteria than eubacteria.
fewer the branch points between any two
organisms, the closer is their evolutionary
Q1. What are the three distinct domains of life?
relationship Q2. Where do archaebacteria and eubacteria usually live?
Example of Archaebacteria: Example of Eubacteria: Escherichia coli
Methanoculleus bourgensis
Manzoor et al. Standards in Genomic Sciences (2016) 11:80
-Methanoculleus bourgensis: used in the

production of methane in biogas plants.
A Biogas -Escherichia coli can be found in human guts. They

Plant prevent colonization of pathogenic microorganisms
by occupying the exposed surfaces of internal
organs like intestine.
http://seaus.free.fr/spip.php?article808 Q1. Give example of each of archaebacteria and eubacteria.
Q2. Why colonization of human guts by E. coli is important?
There are common and distinct features between animal and plant cells
Common structures in both animal and plant
cells:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Ribosomes
4. Peroxisomes
5. Cytoskeleton
6. Golgi complex
7. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Animal cell-specific structure:
Lysosomes
Plant cell-specific structures:
1. Cell wall
2. Vacuole
3. Chloroplast
4. Plasmodesma
5. Glyoxysome
Q1. What is the most significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Q2. List the common structural features of animal and plant cells.
Q3. List the animal cell- and plant cell-specific structures. Write down their functions.
Cells have four levels of molecular organization
There are four levels of

molecular organization
of cells:
Level 1: Monomeric units
Level 2: Macromolecules
Level 3: Supramolecular
complexes. Q1. How many levels are there in the molecular organization of cells?
Q2. Name the levels of molecular organization of cells.
Level 4: Cellular organelles. Q3. Give examples of supramolecular complexes.
Cells build macromolecular structures
Building
Amino Acids Sugars Nucleotides
blocks
Macro- Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

molecules (Examples: (DNA, RNA)
Glycogen, Starch)
1. Amino acids are organic compounds that combine together to

construct proteins.
2. Sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose combine to construct
carbohydrates.
3. Nucleotides combine together to form nucleic acids like
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Q1. What are the building blocks of a cell?
Q2. Name the macromolecules of a cell.

1. Cellular
2. Chemical
4. Genetic
5. Evolutionary
2. Chemical foundation
Elements required by living organisms
Bulk elements: H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca

Trace elements: Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, I
Q1. Name the elements required in bulk amount by living organisms.

Biomolecules are based on carbon atoms
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in universe. Carbon is a highly
reactive element.
Carbon has four valence electrons
Carbon-12 atom that can form bonds with other
atoms
Methan Carbon
e dioxide
Q1. How many covalent bonds a carbon atom can form?

Q2. Show the possible bonding between a carbon and an oxygen atom.
Some Functional Groups of Biomolecules
Functional group is an atom or a group of atoms in an organic compound
that defines the structure of a family of compounds and determines the
properties of a family.
Q1. Define functional group.

Q2. Write the chemical structure of any three functional groups found in biomolecules.

1. Cellular
2. Chemical
4. Genetic
5. Evolutionary
3. Physical foundation
Energy for the living organisms
-Living cells and organisms must perform work to

stay alive or to reproduce themselves. All anabolic
or synthetic reactions in cells require energy.
-Nearly all living organisms derive their energy

from sunlight.
Q1. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living cells?
Entropy
Entropy, S
The randomness or
disorder of the components
of a chemical system is
expressed as entropy, S.
Any change in the
randomness of the system is
expressed as entropy
change (∆S).
Q1. Explain entropy with example.

Free Energy & Enthalpy
Gibbs Free Energy, G

Free energy content, G can be defined in terms of three
quantities: Enthalpy (H), Entropy (S) and Temperature (T
in degrees Kelvin)
The free energy (G) is a thermodynamic quantity equal to

the enthalpy minus the product of entropy and the
absolute temperature. It is expressed with the following
equation:
G = H-TS
Enthalpy (H) reflects the number and kinds of bonds in

the chemical reaction.
Q1. What is Gibbs free energy?

Free Energy Change
Free Energy Change, ∆G
When a chemical reaction occurs at constant temperature, the free
energy change (∆G), is determined by the enthalpy change ∆H and the
entropy change ∆S
The free energy change can be calculated with the following equation:
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
If the free energy change (∆G) is negative for a

reaction, it is a favorable reaction. Q1. What is free-energy change?
Q2. Write the equation to calculate the free energy-change.
Q3. If the free energy change is negative for a reaction, is it a
favorable or an unfavorable reaction?
Activation Energy
Activation energy (Ea)
All chemical reactions

need an initial
investment of energy,
called activation energy
(Ea). This is the energy
required to begin the
reaction.
http://slideplayer.com/slide/9119934/
Q1. What is activation energy?

Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions
Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions

Endergonic reaction: A chemical
reaction in which the free energy-
change is positive and energy is
absorbed. An example for
endergonic reaction is
photosynthesis.
Exergonic reaction: A reaction that

loses energy during the process of
reaction. An example for exergonic
reaction is respiration.
http://www.slideshare.net/sbarkanic/enzymes-26700846
Q1. Define endergonic and exergonic reactions with examples.

Coupling of Endogenous & Exogenous reactions in Biology
Coupling of Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions
ATP is the biological currency
http://www.slideshare.net/DocWithers/ch06-lecture-31917260
Q1. Explain the coupling of endergonic and exergonic reactions with example.
Q2. What is called as the biological currency?

1. Cellular
2. Chemical
4. Genetic
5. Evolutionary
4. Genetic foundation
DNA stores all the information
Q1. What is the composition of DNA?

4. Genetic foundation
DNA to RNA to Protein
The Genetic Code
Transcription
Translation
Q1. Schematically show how proteins are synthesized from DNA.


1. Cellular
2. Chemical
4. Genetic
5. Evolutionary
5. Evolutionary foundation
Biological evolution on earth began more than 3.5 billion years ago
Evolution is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have
developed from earlier forms during the history of Earth.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/752453050211274430/
Q1. What is evolution?
Q2. How long ago life arose on earth?
No other question in exam from this slide.
5. Evolutionary foundation
Heritable changes in DNA drive evolution
Mutation is defined as random change in DNA of an organism that
results in a new characteristic that can be inherited.
Example for mutation:
There are two differences in the DNA sequence of FOXP2 gene between
humans and chimpanzee.
FOXP2 gene is called as the speech gene. It is required for proper
development of speech and language.
http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112789450/human-speech-studies-
reveal-mechanisms-and-evolution-022213/
http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/chimpanzee/
Will chimpanzees start talking if they have FOXP2

gene of humans? Answer: No one knows.
Q1. Define mutation. Give an example.
“A man who dares to waste one hour of time
has not discovered the value of life.”
—Charles Darwin

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BIO201/Spring 2020

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms.

There are five foundations of biochemistry:

Q1. What is biochemistry?

There are five foundations of biochemistry:

Q1. What are the universal features of a living cell?

Cells with nuclear envelopes are called eukaryotes

Q1. Define prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

-Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) grow in

Manzoor et al. Standards in Genomic Sciences (2016) 11:80

-Methanoculleus bourgensis: used in the

A Biogas -Escherichia coli can be found in human guts. They

There are four levels of

Macro- Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

1. Amino acids are organic compounds that combine together to

There are five foundations of biochemistry:

Bulk elements: H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca

Q1. Name the elements required in bulk amount by living organisms.

Q1. How many covalent bonds a carbon atom can form?

Q1. Define functional group.

There are five foundations of biochemistry:

-Living cells and organisms must perform work to

-Nearly all living organisms derive their energy

Q1. Explain entropy with example.

Gibbs Free Energy, G

The free energy (G) is a thermodynamic quantity equal to

Enthalpy (H) reflects the number and kinds of bonds in

Q1. What is Gibbs free energy?

If the free energy change (∆G) is negative for a

Activation energy (Ea)

All chemical reactions

Q1. What is activation energy?

Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions

Exergonic reaction: A reaction that

Q1. Define endergonic and exergonic reactions with examples.

ATP is the biological currency

There are five foundations of biochemistry:

Q1. What is the composition of DNA?

The Genetic Code

Q1. Schematically show how proteins are synthesized from DNA.

There are five foundations of biochemistry:

Will chimpanzees start talking if they have FOXP2

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