Chromatography

Colloidal solutions

Medical Chemistry
 Chromatography
Chromatography is a group of methods
of … of components between two phases
based on their ability to … on one of
them.
Two phases in chromatography:
• The stationary phase – does not …;
• The … phase – moves in a definite
direction.
 Classification of
chromatography by phase
1. Gas chromatography
(gas/solid)
2. Gas-liquid
chromatography
3. Liquid chromatography
(liquid/solid)
4. Liquid-liquid
chromatography
 Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Stationary phase – solid adsorbent,
mobile phase - …, usually …
It is used for separation of substances
that can be … without …
Gas-liquid chromatography
Gas-liquid chromatography
Stationary phase – a liquid on …, mobile
phase - …
 Liquid chromatography
Example: High-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
Stationary phase – a …, mobile
phase -
….
It is performed under …
It can analyze very … samples
Liquid-liquid chromatography
Liquid-liquid chromatography
Stationary phase – a liquid on …, mobile
phase - ….
The liquids have different ….
 Classification of
chromatography by method
1. Column
2. Capillary
3. Thin-
layer
4. Paper
 Classification of
chromatography by
adsorption process
1. Partition
2. Gel filtration (size exclusion)
3. Affinity
4. Ion exchange
5. Precipitation
Gel filtration chromatography
It is based on the … of molecules.
It is used to separate … or … on a
sorbent with a pore size …. Small
molecules move …, big molecules move
…
 Affinity chromatography
It is based on the … of molecules.
Examples:
antigen - …;
enzyme - …;
avidin – biotin.
 Partition chromatography
It is based on different … of molecules
between two liquids of different ….
Example: chromatography of amino
acids on paper.
Stationary phase: …
Mobile phase: …

Less polar amino acid travels a …

distance. More polar amino acid stays
with …
 Dispersion systems

Dispersion system is a … of two

substances, where the dispersed phase
is … as particles throughout …
(continuous phase, dispersion medium).
Classification of dispersion
systems by particle size
Dispersion systems are:
1. … solutions – less than 1 nm
2. Colloids – from 1 to 100 nm
3. … dispersions – more than 100 nm
 Hydrophobic colloids
Hydrophobic colloids (sols) are solutions
of compounds …. in the solvent.
Examples: …
 Preparation of
hydrophobic colloids
Hydrophobic colloids are prepared with
two groups of methods:
1. Dispersion
2.Condensation
Dispersion is …
Condensation is …
 Dispersion methods
Mechanical dispersion uses colloidal …,
ball … or … disintegrator
 Dispersion methods
Peptization is the process of converting a
… into a … by adding a small amount of
electrolyte. The precipitate … one of
the ions of the electrolyte on its ….
 Dispersion methods
Peptization
Example: When freshly precipitated
Fe(OH)3 is mixed with a … of FeCl3 it …
Fe3+ ions and breaks up into … particles
of type Fe(OH)3 / Fe3+.
 Condensation methods
Condensation is of two types:
1.
2.
 Physical condensation
Physical condensation:
1. Simultaneous condensation of … of
two mutually … substances.
Example: sodium and benzene are … and
condense in a same vessel.
 Physical condensation
Physical condensation:
2. Solvent substitution:
When a … solution is mixed with an … of
another solvent in which the solute is
insoluble but solvent is soluble, a
colloidal solution is obtained.
Example: when a solution of sulfur in …
is added to an excess of …, a colloidal
solution of sulfur is obtained.
 Chemical condensation
Chemical condensation:
Any reaction that produces an …
substance
Examples:
a) double exchange:
AgNO3 + KCl --------> AgCl + KNO3
b) oxidation-reduction:
H2S + oxidizing agent --------> S + H2O
etc.
 Chemical condensation
To obtain a colloid and not a …, special
conditions must be met:
1. small … of reactants;
2. one of the reactants is in … to provide
a…
 Chemical condensation:
Example: obtaining a sol of silver iodide
AgI

AgNO3 + KI -------> AgI +

KNO3

AgI particle
 Paneth-Fajans rule
Paneth-Fajans rule of selective ionic
adsorption:
On the crystal lattice, only … are
preferentially adsorbed that are …
Thus, on the crystal lattice of AgI
particles either … or … are adsorbed.
The resulting particles of solute in a
colloid are called …
 Formation of micelle

KI in excess AgNO3in excess

 Structure of micelle
In the reaction:
BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl
the insoluble compound is …. It forms
aggregates:

{[mBaSO4
 Structure of micelle
If … is in excess, Ba2+ ions are adsorbed
on the surface of aggregates of BaSO4.
It is the … of the micelle.

{[mBaSO4 nBa2+]2n+
 Structure of micelle
The … charged Ba2+ ions attract …
charged Cl- ions. Together they make the
… layer in the resulting …:

{[m(BaSO4 nBa2+]2n+ 2(n-x)Cl-}2x+

 Structure of micelle
The rest of Cl- ions are held …. in the
… layer of the …:

{[mBaSO4 nBa2+]2n+ 2(n-x)Cl-}2x+ 2xCl-

The micelle is neutral

Structure of micelle
 Structure of micelle

In the BaSO4 micelle,

Ba2+ ions are potential-determining ions.
Cl- are counterions.
The granule is charged ….
If … and the diffuse layer are … in
electrophoresis, the granule moves to …
 Structure of micelle of
amphiphylic compounds
For comparison, a micelle of an
amphiphilic compound in water:
 Purification of colloidal
solutions
Three methods of purification:
1. Dialysis
2. Electrodialysis
3. Ultrafiltration
 Dialysis
Dialysis is the separation of … from
small dissolved ions or molecules with
a semipermeable …
 Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis is used for … removal of
… from a colloidal solution
 Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is done with an ultra filter
which has small pore size. The solvent is
removed through the ultra filter using …
or … and fresh … is gradually added
 Compensatory dialysis
When a substance is to … in the colloidal
solution while other impurities are to be
…, compensatory dialysis is used.

Example:
a colloid contains NaCl and ethanol;
it is needed to remove ethanol and keep
NaCl;
then the membrane is washed with a
solution of … instead of …
Hemodialysis, artificial kidney
Artificial kidney is based on the principle
of compensatory vividialysis.
The solution for dialysis contains Na+,
Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 .-
Electrical properties of sols
Double electric layer is the layer of the
spatially ... opposite electric charges on
the ….
Electrical properties of sols
Zeta potential is the charge of the particle
on the slipping plane.
The role of zeta potential is …
Electrokinetic phenomena
in sols
Electrophoresis is
movement of …
particles in the …
 Applications of

Separation of … or … according to their

electrophoresis
… and … in gel electrophoresis, eg. for
measurement of … point of proteins,
analysis of blood … proteins etc.

2.
3.
Optical properties of
hydrophobic
colloids
Tyndall effect is … scattering by
particles in a …
 Colligative properties of
hydrophobic colloids
Osmosis is …
Osmotic pressure is …
Osmotic pressure of colloids is … than
that or true solutions, because …
 Applications of
hydrophobic colloids
Examples:
Gold nanoparticles
Carbon nanotubes
Polymer nanoparticles
 Applications of gold nano-
particles and carbon nanotubes
1. Drug delivery
2. DNA delivery in gene therapy
3. Thermal ablation of tumors
4. Biosensors
 Stability of colloids
Types of stability:
1. Kinetic stability against …
2. Aggregative stability against …
 Stability of colloids
Factors of stability:
1. Solvate factor made by …
2. Electrostatic barrier made by …
 Coagulation of colloids
Coagulation is …
Factors that cause coagulation are …
Coagulation of colloids by
electrolytes
 Mechanism of coagulation
of colloids by electrolytes
1. Colloidal particles are neutralized by
ions of charge … to granule charge
2. Visible coagulation occurs when
electrolyte concentration exceeds …
 Coagulation threshold
Coagulation threshold (critical
coagulation concentration) is the …
concentration of … that causes
coagulation of …
nnn 

Cthr = (Vel • Nel • 1000) /

eee

(Vcolloid+ Vel)
Cthr is …, mmol/L;
Vel is …, L;
Nel is …, mol/L;
 Coagulating ability
Coagulating ability of an electrolyte is an
inverse of its …:
Vc = 1/Cthr
It is a … of a colloid that is coagulated
with 1 mmol of an …
Coagulating ability of an electrolyte
depends on:
1.

2.
 Coagulating ability
Schulze — Hardy’s rule:
The bigger the … of the coagulating ion,
the … its coagulating ability.
For … charged colloidal
particles, Vc (Al3+) > Vc (Ca2+) > Vc
(Na+)
 Flocculation
Flocculation is formation of flakes of …
and …
Applications of flocculation
Aluminium sulfate, iron (II) sulfate are
used to remove …
 Colloidal protection
Colloidal protection is an increase of …
of colloids upon addition of …
Colloidal protection works by an increase
of …
 Protective number
Protective number is the … amount of
dry protective substance in milligrams
which … a 10mL colloid from coagulation
caused by addition of 1 mL of 10%NaCl
solution.
Examples:
gold number describes protection of …;
silver number …