C.K.

PITHAWALA COLLEGE OF
ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY

Gujarat Technical University

B.E. CIVIL 5th SEM (3ND YEAR)
GROUP NO. : A4
SUB : structural analysis II
TOPIC : Application of stiffness method to
analyse plane frames

GROUP MEMBERS:
NO. NAME ENROLLMENT NO.

1 KINARIWALA PREET 150094106001

2 DIHORA DHRUVIL 160093106003

3 ANAJWALA PARTH 160093106001

4 BHAGAT HARSH 160093106002

Introduction

 Stiffness method is an efficient way to solve complex determinant

or indeterminate structures . It will introduced that is a modern
method for structural analysis. which is a powerful engineering
method and has been applied in numerous engineering fields
such as solid mechanics and fluid mechanics. it is also called the
displacement method.
Statically indeterminate structure

 A statically indeterminate structure that the reaction and

internal forces cannot be analyzed by the application of the
equation of static alone . The indeterminacy of the structure
may be either external ,internal or both . The space structure is
externally indeterminate if the number of the reaction
components is more than six.
Analysis steps of stiffness method

 Identify degree of kinematic indeterminacy (doki)

 Apply restraints and make it kinematically determinate
 Apply loads on the fully restraint structure and calculate forces.
 Apply unknown displacements to the structure one at a time
keeping all other displacements zero and calculate forces
corresponding to each dof.
 Write the equilibrium equations. solve the equation in matrix
form and obtain the value of unknown displacements.
 Calculate other reactions.(by super position)
Degree of Freedom
 The number of possible directions that displacements or forces at
a node can exist in is termed a degree of freedom (dof). Some
examples are:
 Plane truss: has 2 degrees of freedom at each node:
translation/forces in the x and y directions.
 Beams: have 2 degrees of freedom per node: vertical
displacement/forces and rotation/moment.
 Plane Frame: has 3 degrees of freedom at each node: the
translations/forces similar to a plane truss and in addition, the
rotation or moment at the joint.
 Space Truss: a truss in three dimensions has 3 degrees of
freedom: translation or forces along each axis in space.
 Space Frame: has 6 degrees of freedom at each node:
translation/forces along each axis, and rotation/moments about
each axis.
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy
doki=(no of joints)*(no of dof)-no of restraint

 For frame ,doki=8*3-(3+2)=19

 For beam, doki=4*2-(2+1)=5
 For truss, doki=6*2-(2+2+1)=7
Modified Stiffness

 For the case of symmetry & antysymmetry, use of modified

stiffness makes the problem easier. Previously, it was derived that
stiffness factor =3EI/L when the far end is hinged. This is also
modified stiffness.
 Modified Stiffness K’=2EI/L=K/2 (For symmetry).
K’=6EI/l=3k/2 (For Antisymmetry).
K’= 3EI/L (When Far End Hinged)
Determination Of Stiffness Factor
 Case(i)When the far end is hinged: K=4EI/L.
 Case(ii)When the far end is fixed : MAB=3EI/L.
Direct Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
 The members are straight, slender, and prismatic. The cross-sectional
dimensions are small in comparison to the member lengths.
 The joints are assumed to be frictionless pins (or internal hinges).
 The loads are applied only at the joints in the form of
concentrated forces.
Direct Stiffness Method for Frame Analysis
 The members are slender and prismatic. They can be straight or curved,
vertical, horizontal, or inclined.
 The joints can be assumed to be rigid connection, frictionless
pins (or internal hinges), or typical connections.
 The loads can be concentrated forces or moments that act at
joints or on the frame members, or distributed forces acting on
the members.
   Ex.
Draw the bending moment diagram for the frame shown in
figure by stiffness matrix method.
30kN/m

B C

2m

D
4m Solution :
KI = 3 ()
A 4m

\ 2 3
1
\ B C

\
D

A
   Determination of stiffness matrix :
1. Apply unit displacement in co-ordinate direction 1;
i.e.
3/8 EI
1.5 EI

d_B=1 Unit
1.5 EI
0.1875 EI

1.5EI

1.5 EI

0.1875 EI

(6EId_B)/l^2 =3/8 EI

0.1875 EI + 1.5 EI
= 1.6875 EI
-3/8 EI = -0.375 EI
-1.5 EI
2. Apply
  unit displacement in co-ordinate direction 2
i.e.
?_B=1 Unit
EI 0.5 EI
EI

0.375EI

0.375EI

2EI/4 (?_B) =0.5EI

3. Apply
  unit displacement in co-ordinate direction 3
i.e.
0.5 EI EI ?_C=1Unit

0.5 EI 2EI

1.5 EI

EI
  

\ Final Moments are:

=0

= 13.333 kN.m

= -13.333 kN.m
  
= +53.333 kN.m

= -53.333 kN.m

= -53.333 kN.m

53.333
+ -
60
13.333

- -

+
53.333

0
   Analysis of plane truss by stiffness matrix method
let us consider a truss member having a cross-section A, young’s
modulus E and length L.

F F
L u

let this member is subjected to tensile force F. due to this axial

force. The member get elongated by ‘u’.

it is the stiffness of the truss member and is defined as the force

required for its unit displacement. This above equation of k is valid
along the controidal axis of truss member.
let us consifer following problem. For the derivation of stiffness
matrix.
 K41

2
K31

K21

1 K11

1 Unit
   Apply a unit displacement for x-direction for a truss member 1-2, at
node 1. due to this unit displacement. The member length gets changed in
axial direction by an amount = cos
this axial change in length is related to the force in the member in two
axial direction by

this force is resolved into components along

 Horizontal component of force is
   vertical component of force is

similarly, force at node 2. we can readily found out.

K42

K32

K22

Sin?
(90-?)

?
K12
apply
1
unit displacement in y-direction for a truss member 1-2 at
node 2. Due to this unit displacement. The member length get
changed in vertical direction, by an amount = sin
   this change in length is related to the force in member in two
direction by force

the force is resolved into two component along

vertical component of force F is
horizontal component of force F is
hence in generalized form. The stiffness matrix is,

where, c = cos, s = sin

 Using matrix stiffness method, analyse the truss for the member
force in the truss loaded as shown in fig AE and L are tabulated
below for all the three members.
A 1 D
30°
2

B 30°
3 80 kN

Member AE l
AD 400 400
BD 461.9 461.9
30° CD 800 800

C
 1 A D
D1
2 60
°
   30° DD'=1
60
D2
3 °
D'
B

30°

Local co-ordinates Global co-ordinates C

Displacement diagram

To get the [] matrix, give a unit displacement along the (only) global
co-ordinate. The resulting displacements along the 3 long co-ordinate
direction are obtained from the displacement diagram.
Here DD’ is the unit displacement.
Displacement along 1 (elongation of AD) is zero.
Displacement along 2 and 3 are respectively
  

Element stiffness matrix :

Since for all the members, ===1

Assembled element stiffness matrix [K]

System stiffness matrix [K]:

  

Final forces,
Thank you
  Ex.
Analyse the frame shown in figure and draw B.M.diagram. EI =
constant

Solution :
DQ = 0, SI = 5 – 3 = 2

 
* (40*3)*1.5

F11 = m1. m1 / EI =
F12 = m1 . m2/EI =
F21 = F12 =
F22 =  m2 .m2/EI =

=
F=
[F] = 41.66 * 54 –(-37.5 * -37.5)
=
F-1 =
Now,
Q = -F-1 (DQL)
=
= assumed directions of Q1 and Q2 are wrong
He = 2.67 kN
 Re = 16.30 kN
 Other reaction and moments
∑ V = 0, RA = 16.30 kN ↑
∑ H = 0, HA = 2.67 kN →
MB = 40 - 16.30 * 3 = -8.90 kN.m
MA = 40 + 2.67 * 5 – 16.3 * 3
= 4.45 kN.m