WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS

Lecturer : Dr. Joseph Ochieng Mtamba

Email: [email protected]
Lecture Room: C105,
Friday: Time 09.00- 11.55 Hrs
Office: Block B, Room B11
Contact hours :Thursday :12.00 –14.00 Hrs
Friday:11.00 –14.00 Hrs
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS

Course Objectives

 To impart knowledge on most recent model available on

hydrosytems in the water resources management
.
Expected learning outcome(s)

i. Develop skills in application and analysis of hydrosystem models

ii. Understand differences types of hydrologic, hydraulic and
operation models
iii. Apply software packages/models for hydrosystem simulations
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
References Materials
 Lecture slides
 Lecture notes
 Reference books
Recommended References/Textbooks:

i. Hydrological processes
ii. Hydrology Modelling Books
iii.River Engineering and Geomorphology books
iv. Hydraulic Modelling books
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS #
State of art Technology
 GIS softwares: ARCGIS 9.70 or higher version
 CAD Softwares: AutoCAD 2010 or higher version
 Hydraulic Software's—
HECGEORAS: Compatible with ARCGIS
HECRAS,
HY8-Culvert hydraulic analysis Software
 Hydrology tools, models and software's—
Rational model
Curve Number and its modifications
TRRL EA Flood model
HBV Model
HECGEOHMS software: Compatible with ARCGIS
SWAT: Compatible with ARCGIS
HECGEOHMS software: Compatible with ARCGIS
HECGEOHMS,
WEAP Model
SWAT coupled with WEAP-water resources allocation and management
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course outline
Topic Contents
1.0 Introduction Definition of terms
 River system
 Definitions in river system components
 Water resources Management -River Basins
2.0 Modelling  The system concept.
concept  Model types.
 Statistical vs Deterministic modelling.
 Lumped vs. distributed models.
 Static vs time-variant models.
 Model identification and parameter estimation
methods.
 Metrics for model fit, subjective vs objectives
methods.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course outline
Topic Contents

2.0 Hydrosystem Main types of hydrosytem models:

Models  Natural systems and
 Man made systems

i. Hydrological models: precipitation-Runoff

models
ii. River hydraulics and sedimentation models
iii. Hydropower and reservoir simulation
models
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course outline
Topic Contents
3.0 Hydrological  Precipitation-Runoff models:
Models  Unit process;
 linear reservoir theory.
 Input data types.
o Overview of important rainfall-runoff models.
i) Lumped and distributed models.
o The HBV-model.
o The PINE-model.
o SWAT model Modelling - land use/climate
change. Examples of use
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course outline
Topic Contents
4.0 Hydraulic Hydraulics:
Modeling  Theoretical basis. 1D and 2D models
 Hydrological and hydraulic routing.
 The HEC-RAS (HEC-s) model for steady flow.
 Input data measurement strategy.
 Model calibration.
 Examples of use.
 Overview off sediment routing in rivers
Pressurised Conduit hydraulics
 Theoretical basis.
 Input data
 Model calibration.
 Application
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course outline
Topic Contents
4.0 Hydraulic Hydraulic modelling for environmental
modeling effects
 Short overview of models for simulation of
environmental effects.
 The Incremental-Instream-flow method
(IFIM).
 The PHABSIM model and later versions of
habitat simulation models.
 Examples off use
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course outline
Topic Contents
5.0 Hydropower and Hydropower and reservoir simulation
reservoir simulation models:
modeling  Model types.
 Description of hydrologic conditions.
 Energy market data.
 Operational strategy.
 Hydropower system components.
 The water value methods.
 Simulation of multi-purpose schemes. Use
of results.
 Examples of use..
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Course Assessment
Assessment:
• CA: 40%
 Groups assignments 30%
 Course Test 1: 5% - Week 4 ; Test 2:5% - Week 8
• UE: 60%

Please work hard acquire knowledge and expertise and make a living out of it
“Exams are just to test your understanding under a given fixed time”

Best of Luck
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEMS SIMULATIONS
Lecture Schedule

Week No. AY 2019-2020 LT Topic Comments

1 June, 05 Lec. 01 Introduction and

2 June, 12 Lec. 02 Water Resources Mgt in Tanzania
3 June, 19 Lec. 03 Hydrological models
4 June, 26 Lec. 04 Hydrological models

5 July, 03 Test No.1 ( All topics covered Lec 1-4)

6 July, 10 Lec. 05 Hydrological models
7 July, 17 Lec. 06 Hydraulic models
8 July, 24 Lec. 07 Hydraulic models

9 July, 31 Lec. 08 Hydraulic models

10 Aug, 07 Test No.2 ( All topics covered Lec 5-8)
11 Aug, 14 Lec. 09 Hydropower and reservoir operations
12 Aug, 21 Lec. 10 Hydropower and reservoir operations
13-14 UES All Materials covered
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
1 : INTRODUCTION : Definitions
1.1 River System and components.
Every river is part of a larger system—
a watershed (Basin or Catchment)
 Watershed is the land drained by a
river and its tributaries.
 Rivers are large natural streams of
water flowing in channels and
emptying into larger bodies of
water.
 This diagram shows some common
characteristics of a river system.

 Every river is different, however, so not all

rivers may look exactly like this
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

1 : INTRODUCTION : Definitions
The river source, also called the headwaters, is the beginning of a
river. Often located in mountains, the source may be fed by an
underground spring, or by runoff from rain, (snowmelt, or glacial
melt in temperate climate).
A tributary is a smaller stream or river that joins a larger or main
river.
The main river is the primary channel and course of a river.
A fully-developed floodplain is relatively flat land stretching from
either side of a river, which may flood during heavy rain or
snowmelt. Built of materials deposited by a river, floodplain soil is
often rich in nutrients and ideal for growing food.
A meander is a loop in a river channel. A meandering river winds
back and forth, rather than following a straight course.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
1 : INTRODUCTION : Definitions

Upstream is in the direction of or nearer to the source of a river

Wetlands are low-lying areas saturated with water for long enough
periods to support vegetation adapted to wet conditions. Wetlands
help maintain river quality by filtering out pollutants and sediments,
and regulating nutrient flow.
The river mouth is the place where a river flows into a larger body of
water, such as another river, a lake, or an ocean.
A watershed boundary, also called a drainage divide, marks the
outer-most limit of a watershed. A watershed is a tract of land
drained by a river and its tributaries.
 Anything that affects a watershed may eventually impact its
tributaries and river as well as the water body at the mouth of the
river.
 People's actions within a watershed can affect the overall quality
of its rivers.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : INTRODUCTION : Definitions

Engineering benefits of rivers (Man made River sub-systems)

1. Navigation
2. Water supply
3. Irrigation
4. Hydropower generation

Environmental benefits
5. Supports ecosystem life (fauna and flora)
6. Natural medicines
7. Tourism
8. Aesthetcs etc
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : INTRODUCTION : Definitions

Engineering benefits of rivers (Man made River sub-systems)

1. Navigation
2. Water supply
3. Irrigation
4. Hydropower generation

Environmental benefits
5. Supports ecosystem life (fauna and flora)
6. Natural medicines
7. Tourism
8. Aesthetcs etc
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

Rivers forms the water resources management unit

 Do we have enough water resources in our country to cope with

the water demands of the Tanzanians?
•      Is the water equally availability in all parts of Tanzania? Why?
 Tanzania has sufficient water resources to meet most of its present
needs and they include surface and underground sources.
 Together with all these water resources available in Tanzania, there
is a great variation of water availability between different parts of
the country.
 The variation is explained by differences in topography, rainfall
pattern, climate, population growth, man induced activities, low
technology, urbanization etc.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Efforts done by the government to develop water resources in
Tanzania.
i. Establish water basin management
ii. Plans/ policies (2002 Tanzania water policy)

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

In 1989, through the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation)

Act No. 42 of 1974, Amendment No. 10 of 1981) the Minister
for Water gazette nine (9) water basins for the purposes of
water resources administration and management.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

Nine water basins in Tanzania

I. Pangani River Basin (1991)
II. Rufiji River Basin (1993)
III. Lake Victoria (2000)
IV. Wami-Ruvu (2001)
V. Lake Nyasa (2001)
VI. Lake Rukwa (2001
VII. Internal Drainage Basin(2004) : to Lake Eyasi, Manyara and
Bubu depression Lake Tanganyika (2004)
VIII.   Lake Tanganyika (2004),
IX. Ruvuma and Southern Coast (2004).
Others are Transboundary. Management is done with collaboration
with other interested government agencies or regional
commissions or organisations
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

The objective of the river basin approach is to manage water
resources in an integrated and comprehensive manner, which
ensures equitable, efficient and sustainable development of the
resources.
River basin management rests on the principle that naturally
functioning river basin ecosystems, including accompanying wetland
and groundwater systems, are the source of freshwater.
The staffs in these basins are engaged in water resources
management, surface and groundwater resources assessment and
exploration, Water Resources Planning and Research, Regulatory,
Enforcement and Environment.
The Basins are administered by Basin Water Officers.
(http://www.maji.go.tz/basins)
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

Important information for water policy formation
Water resources development goes hand in hand with water
resources assessment and planning.
 Assessment involves all sectors, in community or user level,
district, wide basin and national level
The following information is required for water resources
development and planning;
 The quantity,
 Quality and character,
 location, patterns of use, and response of the resource to use
 user current and future demands,
 pollution on water quality and degradation processes
 Water use projects and related hazards (drought and floods)
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

Important information for water policy formation
-All these information above help in water policy formation of the
water policy for any country.

Fragmented planning, implemented following sector, regional or

district interests, lead to failure of any water policy of the country.

So basin wise water management is crucial for sustainability of

water resources.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
Background:
Before 2002 most water resources development plans were sectorial
oriented without consideration the demands of other users.
Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 of 1974 which
emphasized that
i. the central government is a sole investor, implementer and
manager of the water projects, both in rural and urban areas.
ii. Policy also emphasized that the Central Government has a
responsibility of protecting water sources while environmental
protection was not accorded its due importance.
iii. The 1991 National Water Policy set a goal of providing clean and
safe water to the population within 400 meters from their
households by the year 2002.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
The water policy of 1991 which emphasized that
.
iv. Till 2002 only about 50% of the rural population had access to a
reliable water supply service.
v. Due to poor operational and maintenance arrangements, over
30% of the rural water schemes were not functioning properly in
2002.
  The 2002 water policy was revised policy of the 1991 policy to
develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable development
and management of the Nation’s water resources, in which an
effective legal and institutional framework for its implementation was
put in place.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
. AIMS OF THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
i. Doing water resources assessment on the basis of sound
scientific and technical information and understanding.
ii. Defining the status of surface and ground water in terms
of quality and quantity and its use regularly on the basis
of river basin and in conjunction aquifer boundaries.
iii. Sustainable plans and development of water resources.
iv. Ensuring that beneficiaries participate fully in planning,
construction, operation, maintenance and management
of community based domestic water supply schemes.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
. AIMS OF THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
v. This policy seeks to address cross- sectoral interests in water,
watershed management and integrated and participatory
approaches for water resources planning, development and
management.
vi. Also, the policy lays a foundation for sustainable development
and management of water resources in the changing roles of the
Government from service provider to that of coordination, policy
and guidelines formulation.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
AIMS OF THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY

v. The policy aimed at developing large water schemes including

construction of dams, large rainfall harvesting schemes, water
intakes, river diversion works, pumping stations, water well
drilling, ground water abstraction and use.

vi. It also aimed at inter basin water transfers that meet objectives
of water resources management, are subject to a permit and an
Environmental Impact Assessment
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT

THE 2002 TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY
Download it Here
. http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/waterpolicy20021.pdf
 United Republic of Tanzania (1974). Water Utilization (Control and
Regulation) Act, 1974 (No. 42). Dar es Salaam.
 United Republic of Tanzania (1981). Water Utilization (Control and
Regulation) Act (Amdt.) 1981 (No. 10). Dar es Salaam.
 Water Utilization (General) (Amendment) Regulations, 1994. Dar es
Salaam
 The newly established Water Management Act Number 11 of 2009
repeals the fore mentioned Acts.
 United Republic of Tanzania (1992). The Energy Policy of Tanzania. URT,
Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals. Government Printer, Dar es
Salaam. http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/theenergypolicyoftanzania.pdf
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURCES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

i. Pangani River

The Pangani River Basin (PRB) is one of Tanzania's nine drainage

basins. Extending from the northern highlands to Tanzania's north-
eastern coastline,
PRB is approx., 56,300 km2 . (4,880 km2 is within Kenya)
. Five sub-basins comprise the basin:
[

ii. the Pangani River (43,650 km ),

2

iii. the Umba River (8,070 km2),

iv. the Msangazi River (5,030 km ), 2

v. the Zigi River, and the Mkulumuzi River plus other coastal rivers
(2,080 km2 All of these empty into the Indian Ocean.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

Pangani River Basin

Mtalo and Killingtveit (2003)

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

ii. Rufuji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania. The catchment basin for
the Rufiji River complex is 177,429 km2. The Rufiji river is formed by
the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers. It is
approximately 600 km long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania
and its mouth on the Indian Ocean at a point between Mafia Island
called Mafia Channel.

Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River. It is navigable for

about 100m.
The Rufiji is about 200 km south of Dar es Salaam. The river's delta
contains the largest mangrove forest in eastern Africa.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

ii. Rufuji River
Rufiji Basin catchment area

River Area Percentage Percentage

km 2
of area of run-off
Great Ruaha      83,970 47 15
Kilombero 39,990 23 62
Luwegu 26,300 15 18
Rufiji (lower
27,160 15 5
river)
Total       177,429 100 10
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

ii. Rufuji River
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

iii. Lake Victoria Basin
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

iii. Lake Victoria Basin

The Lake Victoria Basin is composed of many sub-basins: Sio,

Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, North Awach,
South Awach, Sondu, Gucha-Migori, Mara, Grumeti, Mbalageti,
East Shore Streams, Simiyu, Magogo
Moame, Nyashishi, Issanga, South Shore Streams, Biharamulo,
West Shore Streams, Kagera,
Bukora, Katong, North Shore Streams. About 33% of the inflow to
the lake comes from the Kagera
River, shared between Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania,
while the Mara River (5%) is shared
between Kenya and Tanzania. Other notable rivers are the Nzoia
(15%) and the Yala (5%) in Kenya.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

iii. Lake Victoria Basin

The total average inflow to the lake is about 800 m /sec.

3

Precipitation remains the largest contributor of water to the lake.

The changing climate has therefore influenced the lake levels.

The only outflow from the lake is the Nile River, exiting the lake near
Jinja, Uganda. This makes the lake the principal source of the Nile.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

iv. Wami-Ruvu Basin
Wami River: 40,000 km 2

Ruvu River: 72,930 km 2

Cost: 15,230 km2

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

v. Lake Nyasa Basin:
The total area
33900 km .2

Subbasins
 Kiwira R.
 Lufirio R.
 Lumbira R.
 Mbaka R.
 Mbawa R.
 Mchuchuma R.
 Nkiwe R.
 Ruhuhu R.
 Rumakali R.
 Songwe R.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

vi. Lake Rukwa Basin
The total area 77900 km .
2

Subbasins
 Katuma R.
 Momba R.
 Rungwa R.
 Songwe R.
 Lwiche R.
 Muze R.
 Lake shores R.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

vii. Lake Tanganyika Basin
The total area 160,800 km .
2

Subbasins
 Luegele R.
 Lugufu R.
 Luiche R.
 Malagarasi R.
 Ruchugi R.
 Ugalla R.
 Lake shores
Rivers
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

viii. Internal Drainage Basin
The total area 160,800 km .2

Subbasins
 Bahi swamp.
 Lake Eyasi.
 Lake Manyara.
 Lake Natron.
 Masai Steppe.
 Monduli A.
 Monduli B
 Namanga
 Olduvai
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania

ix. Ruvuma and Southern Coast Basin

The total area 105,700 km . 2

Subbasins
 Likonde R.
 Lower Middle Ruvuma.
 Lower Ruvuma.
 Lukuledi.
 Mambi.
 Matandu.
 Mavuji
 Mbwemkuru
 Upper middle Ruvuma
 Upper Ruvuma
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania- Challenges

Visit Ministry of Water Website: https://www.maji.go.tz/index.php/pages/articles
You will find challenges faced in each basin based on
1. Competing water use
 Domestic use
 Livestock and aquaculture
 Hydropower
 Industries and mining
 Ecosystem and wildlife
2. Degradation of catchments
 Erosion and water pollution
 Water stress
 Water resources vulnerability index
3. Land use and Climate change impacts
 Vegetation loss
 Change in rainfall pattern
 Floods and drought
4. Ecosystem degradation
 Loss of fauna and flora
 Invasive species of flora and fauna
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

River Basins in Tanzania- Challenges

 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Engineering Hydraulic Structures along Rivers

1. Hydropower production system

The most common type of
hydroelectric power plant is
an impoundment facility. An
impoundment facility,
typically a large hydropower
system, uses a dam to store
river water in a reservoir.
Water released from the
reservoir flows through a
cannal/penstock/tunnel to a
turbine, spinning it, which in
turn activates a generator to
produce electricity.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Engineering Hydraulic Structures along Rivers
1. Hydropower production system
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

2. Irrigation Systems
Some common types of irrigation systems include:
River structures:
 Reservoirs/Intake structure,
 water diversion structure (Weirs and control gates)
 Water Pumping
 Water Conveyance systems to irrigated farms
•Surface irrigation. Water is distributed over and across land by
gravity, no mechanical pump involved.
• Localized irrigation. ...
• Drip irrigation. ...
• Sprinkler irrigation. ...
• Center pivot irrigation. ...
• Lateral move irrigation. ...
• Sub-irrigation. ...
• Manual irrigation.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
Lecture No 1 : INTRODUCTION : Definitions
3. Hydraulic Structures along or across the river

A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water.

Uses of hydraulic structures

1.Store water – dams
2.Disrupts or divert flow – dams, intakes, weirs, canals, penstock, gate valves, stilling basin
3.Stop flow– gate valves
4.Measure flow – weirs and flumes
5.Roads hydraulic structures: Bridges, Culverts,
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

1.3 Hydraulic structure

A hydraulic structure can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop
the flow. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which
slows the normal flow rate of the river in order to power turbines. A
hydraulic structure can be built in rivers, a sea, or any body of water
where there is a need for a change in the natural flow of water.

Hydraulic structures may also be used to measure the flow of water.

When used to measure the flow of water, hydraulic structures are
defined as a class of specially shaped, static devices over or through
which water is directed in such a way that under free-flow conditions at
a specified location (point of measurement) a known level to flow
relationship exists. Hydraulic structures of this type can generally be
divided into two categories: flumes and weirs.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR 625: HYDROSYSTEM SIMULATIONS

Lecture No 1 : WATER RESOURSES SYTEMS IN TANZANIA

END OF LECTURE NO.2

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“Inshallah : If God Wills”