SAMPLING AND DATA

GATHERING January 10, 2018

TECHNIQUES
TYPES OF DATA
•Primary Data
•Secondary Data
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data are data collected directly by the
researcher himself/herself. These are first-hand or original
resources.
Primary data can be collected through the following:

1. Direct observation or measurement

2. Interview (questionnaires or rating scales)
3. Mail of recording or reporting forms
4. Experimentation
5. Registration
ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY
SOURCE DATA
 A person can collect precisely the data he wants.
 One usually can specify the operational definitions used
and can eliminate, or at least monitor and record the
extraneous influences on the data as they are gathered.
DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY
SOURCE DATA
 Collection of primary data can be so costly and time-
consuming.
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data are information taken from published or
unpublished materials previously gathered by other
researchers or agencies such as book, newspapers,
magazines, journals, published and unpublished thesis and
dissertation.
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY
SOURCE DATA
1. It can usually be found more quickly and easily
2. Most research on past events has to rely on secondary
data sources
3. Data gathered about distant places can be collected
more easily through secondary data sources
DISADVANTAGES OF
SECONDARY SOURCE DATA
1. The data often does not meet one’s specific needs
2. Definition will differ, units of measurement are
different, and different time periods may be involved
3. It is difficult to assess the accuracy of the information
4. It is often out of date
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
A population is a collection of all possible individuals,
objects, or measurements of interest.

A sample is a portion, or part, of the population of interest

FOUR BASIC REASONS FOR
THE USE OF SAMPLE
A sample allows us to obtain information with:
1. greater speed
2. reduced cost
3. greater scope
4. greater accuracy
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sample
A sampling technique in which every member of the population
will have a ‘chance’ of being selected, and that chance can be
quantified.
Non-Probability Sample
Units of the sample are chosen on the basis of personal judgment
or convenience
There are NO statistical techniques for measuring random
sampling error in a non-probability sample. Therefore,
generalizability is never statistically appropriate.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic
3. Stratified
4. Cluster
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Any group of n individuals is equally likely to be
chosen by any other group of n individuals if the simple
random sampling technique is used. In other words, each
sample of the same size has an equal chance of being
selected
TWO WAYS OF SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLING
• Lottery or Fishbowl Technique
- Sampling without replacement
- Sampling with replacement

• Table of Random Numbers

WHEN TO USE
If the population is more or less homogeneous with
respect to the characteristic under study.
SYSTEMATIC
In a systematic random sampling, the items or
individuals are arranged in some way perhaps alphabetical
or other sort. A random starting point is selected; and then
every kth number will be the succeeding samples.
EXAMPLE
For example, suppose you have to do a phone survey. Your
phone book contains 20,000 residence listings. You must
choose 400 names for the sample. Number the population
1 - 20,000 and then use a simple random sample to pick a
number that represents the first name of the sample. Then
choose every 50th name thereafter until you have a total of
400 names (you might have to go back to the of your
phone list). Systematic sampling is frequently chosen
because it is a simple method.
WHEN TO USE
1. If the ordering of the population is essentially random
2. When stratification with numerous data is used.
STRATIFIED
In this type of sampling, a population is first divided
into subsets based on homogeneity called strata. Then
samples are selected proportionally from each stratum
which can be done through simple or systematic random
sampling. This type has an advantage in some cases to
reflect more accurately the characteristics of the
population.
EXAMPLE
You could stratify (group) your college population by department
and then choose a proportionate simple random sample from each
stratum (each department) to get a stratified random sample. To
choose a simple random sample from each department, number
each member of the first department, number each member of the
second department and do the same for the remaining departments.
Then use simple random sampling to choose proportionate
numbers from the first department and do the same for each of the
remaining departments. Those numbers picked from the first
department, picked from the second department and so on
represent the members who make up the stratified sample.
WHEN TO USE
Population is known to be heterogeneous or when the
population can be subdivided into mutually exclusive and
exhaustive groups.
CLUSTER
Cluster sampling can be done by subdividing the
population into smaller units and then selecting only at
random some primary units where the study would then be
concentrated. The cluster sampling is sometimes referred
to as an “area sampling” because it is frequently applied
on a geographical bases.
EXAMPLE
For example, if you randomly sample four departments
from your college population, the four departments make
up the cluster sample. For example, divide your college
faculty by department. The departments are the clusters.
Number each department and then choose four different
numbers using simple random sampling. All members of
the four departments with those numbers are the cluster
sample.
WHEN TO USE
1. Sampling frame is not available and the cost of
constructing such a frame is very high
2. For economic consideration, i.e., when the time, effort
and cost involved in obtaining information on the
population units increase as the distances separating
these units increase.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience Sampling
In this sampling method, the samples are readily or
easily accessible.
Accidental Sampling
This non-probability sampling method chooses the
sample by chance or accident.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Quota Sampling
In quota sampling, you select the samples according to
some fixed quota. The main concern of quota sampling is to
come up with the required number of samples no matter how
they are selected.
Judgement Sampling
This is a non-probability sampling that chooses samples
on the basis of an expert’s opinion.
EXERCISES

Classify each sample as simple random

sampling, systematic, stratified or cluster.
EXAMPLE 1

In a large public high school, all teachers

from two buildings are interviewed to
determine whether they believe the
students have less homework to do now
than in previous years.
ANSWER

CLUSTER
EXAMPLE 2

Every seventh customer entering a

shopping mall is asked to select his or her
favorite store.
ANSWER

SYSTEMATIC
EXAMPLE 3

Nursing supervisors are selected using

random numbers in order to determine
their annual salaries.
ANSWER

SIMPLE
EXAMPLE 4

Mail carriers of a large city are divided

into two groups according to their gender
(male or female). Then 10 are selected
from each group and interviewed whether
they have been bitten by a dog in the last
year.
ANSWER

STRATIFIED
I. Identification: Determine the type of sampling used (simple QUIZ
random, stratified, systematic, cluster, or convenience).
1. A soccer coach selects 6 players from a group of boys aged 8 to10, 7 players
from a group of boys aged 11 to 12, and 3 players from a group of boys aged
13 to 14 to form a recreational soccer team.
2. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five different high tech
companies.
3. A high school educational researcher interviews 50 high school female
teachers and 50 high school male teachers.
4. A medical researcher interviews every third cancer patient from a list of
cancer patients at a local hospital.
5. A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers and
then picks students whose names correspond to the numbers.
6. A student interviews classmates in his algebra class to determine how many
pairs of jeans a student owns, on the average.
II.Essay: Discuss the following problems.
1. It is known that high-income groups have different
consumption patterns from average and low-income
groups. If a researcher will make a survey on the
consumption method, what would you recommend so
that each type of income earner would be properly
represented?
2. The English teacher has 20 complimentary tickets to a
stage play. She is planning to distribute those tickets to
her class of size 50. What sampling method will the
teacher apply so as to distribute those tickets without
being accused of favoritism?