REVOLUTION

Revolutionem latin word

- which referred to a turning motion and was
originally used in relation to celestial bodies. It is
used to denote trends which have resulted in
great social changes outside the political sphere,
such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or
technology.
REVOLUTION
- is not an ordinary rebellion, coup, or social unrest
such as we know in innumerable examples of
history.
- The concept of revolution refers to total
overthrow, associated exclusively with
modernism.
The age of revolution is an age of intoxication with
the possibilities offered by such a transformation,
but also one of alarm at the “inventions of
destruction” which leads to acts of “reaction,”
“counterrevolution” and “restoration” which in the
end once again simply become the catalyst of
modernization.
Great advances in science have
been termed “revolutions” since
the 18th century. The period saw a
fundamental transformation in
scientific ideas across
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
and biology in institutions
supporting scientific
investigation and in the more
widely held picture of the
universe.
The Intellectual Scientific Revolution
led to the establishment of several
modern sciences.
 Nicholas Copernicus
- an astronomer and mathematician, who
stated that the cosmos was centered
around the sun, rather than the Earth and
most likely ended with Isaac Newton’s
proposal of a mechanical universe and
universal laws. Newton is an English
astronomer, physicist, and mathematician,
laid the groundwork for classical
mechanics and established the laws of
motion and universal gravitation.
Newton is an English astronomer,
physicist, and mathematician, laid
the groundwork for classical
mechanics and established the laws
of motion and universal gravitation.
 The Importance of Intellectual Scientific Revolution
- The intellectual scientific revolution was a period in Europe in which there was a change in
thinking from traditional to rational, logical thought.
- Scientists introduced theories and schools of thought that had not, up to that point, ever
been entertained. It gradually helped society transition into the Enlightenment period.
- Many historians consider the Intellectual Scientific Revolution the beginning of modern
science, during this period there were significant developments in a number of fields, such
as astronomy, biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics that revolutionized human
views of life, nature, society, and space.
- Other important developments of the period included the introduction and use of the
scientific method, a view of science as an independent body of knowledge, and the creation
of scientific societies. One of the biggest development was the practice of questioning
previously held ideas once presented as facts.
Copernican Revolution
- The Copernican Shift or Copernican Revolution, began the
Scientific Revolution and radically impacted beliefs in science,
astronomy, and even religion.
- Copernicus is one of the most familiar names among
Renaissance scientists, but his role in the Scientific Revolution
is misunderstood. He is commonly known as the man who
introduced the idea of a heliocentric universe, but is not his
theory itself that was transformational.
Copernican Revolution
- The heliocentric model of the universe no longer placed man at the
center of the universe and brought about quite a bit religious upheaval
for obvious reasons.
- As being considered to be the start of the Scientific Revolution, so it’s
impact in that regard was unmistakable as such people began to look
for physical evidence and experiments to explain the world around
them (versus religious doctrine) a wealth of new information and ideas
were uncovered. To some degree one could also see the ideas of this
revolution reflected in the cultural and philosophical shift to a more
humanistic view of the world.
Currently, we may be standing on the threshold of changes even
more fundamental and far-reaching than those initiated by
Copernicus. The consequences of such a shift are manifold as
stated with the following examples:
a. New research activities are started
b. Familiar phenomena are given new interpretations;
c. Educational approaches are altered
d. Power structures in society undergo change
e. New bases for consensus are applied to conflicts
between belief system.
 Darwinian Revolution
- Darwin’s revolutionary
accomplishment effectively
completed the project embarked
upon by Copernicus when he
dethroned the earth from its
special place at the heart of
God’s universe. After Darwin,
not even man was special or the
most favored species in the eyes
of God.
Charles Darwin
Origin of Species had an almost immediate impact on biological science—on
the recognition that species had evolved and had not just been “created” by
divine fiat. Darwin’s theory about how species had evolved—by means of
natural selection, through a process of adaptation—was suspended in
controversy for another half century.
The ideas animating Darwin’s revolutionary On the Origin of Species, is
not only about the mechanism that drives the evolution of life on this
planet, but the fundamental ideas of the text have implications that range
well beyond the scope of natural history, and the assumptions behind
Darwin’s arguments challenging ideas that go much further back than
the set of ideas that Darwin set himself explicitly to question:
a. Ideas of decisive importance when we think about ourselves
b. The nature of the material universe
c. The planet that we live upon, and
d. Our place in its scheme of life.
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea
Daniel Dennett suggests that
although Darwin’s evolutionary
theory originated to explain
questions in biology, the theory
“threatens to leak out”, and
offering answers in other field. He
is especially interested in the
implications for theories of
“mind”.
Daniel Dennett
Freudian Revolution
- Freudianism, like Darwinism, may be called revolutionary since it
does not merely introduce fresh conceptions into a particular field
of inquiry but in some measure affects all our thinking, bringing
about a general reevaluation of ideas.

- Its one important feature is that it explains the very fact that it
exhibits the protection of customary views by a pretended
assimilation of new ones as comforting to a regular mechanism of
defense. According to him, society creates mechanisms to ensure
social control of human instincts.
 Freud, who repeatedly compared the
psychoanalytic discovery to a
Copernican revolution, founded
psychoanalysis, believed that people
could be cured by making conscious
their unconscious thoughts and
motivations, thus gaining insights. The
aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to
release repressed emotions and
experiences, i.e., make the unconscious
conscious.
Sigmund Freud
- Freud himself believed that his theories had struck but the latest blow against human
vanity, the first being Copernican cosmology, and the second, Darwinian evolutionary
theory. By proposing that humans had evolved from animal species, Darwinism denied
the biological uniqueness of humankind and asserted that human beings were but one of
many species of animals, Just as Darwin destroyed the basic opposition between human
and animal by placing human beings within a biological continuum, Freud similarly
destroyed the traditional basic opposition between sanity and madness by locating
normality on a continuum.
- Freud’s system originates in nineteenth-century biology and physics, particularly in
Helmholtz's dynamic theory of energy that holds that energy cannot be destroyed but
can only be transformed into other states.
- Freud formulated a dynamic psychology, one of whose key points is that whenever a
psychic drive or urge is suppressed, repressed, or driven below (or out of)
consciousness, its energy inevitably appears elsewhere.
Freud proposed that the Id, the Ego, and the Superego interact
dynamically, When put idiomatically. The Id says, “I want it now!”, The
Ego says, “No wait, please. Accept this substitute”, and the Superego
judges either “Well done!” or “You shouldn’t have done that. Now you
will have to suffer guilt”.
Sigmund Freud’s work into the murky world of the subconscious changed
the world. By introducing a technique to probe the unconscious mind.
Freud provided useful tools for understanding the secret desires of the
masses. Unwittingly, his work served as the precursor to a world full of
political spin doctors, marketing moguls, and society’s belief that the
pursuit of satisfaction and happiness is man’s ultimate goal.
Information Revolution
- Is the proliferation of the availability of information and the accompanying changes in
its storage and dissemination owing to the use of computers.
- It refers to the global paradigm prevalent from the late 1990’s onward, characterized
collectively by unprecedented advancements in technological innovation and the rapid
global proliferation, appropriation, and use of new Digital Information and
Communication Technologies in everyday life. All this suggests that information has
become an essential part of our society and plays a center role in our lives.
- Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) promise a future of a highly
interconnected world, wherein action is not limited by physical boundaries, and
constrained physical space is replaced by a virtual 'cyberspace' not subject to
traditional hierarchies and power relations.
Information Revolution
- Social scientists have long seen 'information' as the distinctive feature of
the modern world, however, what makes today’s age distinct from
before is the growing convergence of digital computing,
telecommunications, and human infrastructure, reflected in the shift in
terminology from IT to ICT.
- Information is the essential condition of the functioning of every
society, including their subsystems as well. It played an important role
in every role in every social formation in the agricultural and industrial
societies of previous ages.
The History of Information Revolution
According to Joseph Nye, in 1439, Johannes Gutenberg's printing press launched the era
of mass communication and our current revolution, which began in Silicon Valley in the
1960’s. But for some authors like Elin Whitney-Smith, 10,000 years ago the first
information Economy that had perished with the woolly mammoth and the sabre-tooth
cat. It was the first of six Information Revolutions, as such that she divided Information
revolution into six parts:
1. Agriculture
2. Writing
3. The fall of Rome
4. Printing press
5. Trains, telegraph and telephone
6. The digital revolution
There are still many who argue that the Information Revolution is the digital
revolution that started with the silicon chip, the invention at the start of the
1960’s. This device is able to process large amounts of information at high
speeds. Besides being cheap and powerful, it is also very small about the size of
fingernails. To emphasize their smallness, silicon chips are also called
'microchips'.
● Made people much more productive
● Extending the power of men’s brains.
● Those chips have revolutionized our
lives, running our appliances,
providing calculators, computers,
and other electronic devices to
control our world.
 The key characteristics of the current revolution is
not the speed of communications, not even the
instantaneous communication by telegraph dates back
to the mid-nineteenth century but it is the enormous
reduction in the cost of transmitting and storing
information.
From Our Infant Information Revolution. June 15, 2018 by JOSEPH S. NYE

★ In the middle of the twentieth century, people

feared that the computers and communications of
the current information revolution would lead to
the type of centralized control depicted in
George Orwell’s dystopian novel 1984. Big
brother would monitor us from a central
computer, making individual autonomy
meaningless.
★ Cost of information storage has also declined
dramatically
★ Information that once would fill a warehouse
now fits in your shirt pocket.
From Our Infant Information Revolution. June 15, 2018 by JOSEPH S. NYE

★ Likewise, ubiquitous social media generate new

transnational groups, but also create
opportunities for manipulation by government
and others.
★ Information provides power, and more people
have access to more information than ever
before, for good and for ill.
★ In today’s global information age, victory often
depends not on whose army wins, but on whose
story wins.
★ Public diplomacy and the power to attract and
persuade become increasingly important
From Our Infant Information Revolution. June 15, 2018 by JOSEPH S. NYE

★ When people are overwhelmed by the volume of

information controlling them, it is hard to know
what to focus on. Attention, not information,
becomes the scarce resource.
★ The effectiveness of public diplomacy is judged
by the number of minds changed, not money
spent.
★ The psychological impact of the Information
Revolution, like that of the Industrial Revolution,
has been enormous. It has perhaps been greatest
on the way in which young children learn.
Mesoamerican
is an important historical region and cultural area in the americas extending from
approximately central mexico through belize Guatemala, Elsalvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and
northern costa rica, and within which pre-Columbian Society flourish
before the spanish
colonization of the americas in
the 15th and 16th centuries. It is
one of the six areas in the world
where ancient civilization arose
independently, and the second in
the Americas along with Norte
Chico (Caral-Supe) in present-day
northern coastal Peru.
Three Main Pre-Columbian Societies
(They were all very organized, develop, and advanced civilizations )
The Maya The Aztec The Inca
Produced advanced
engineering including
aboveground and
underground aqueducts,
quake-proof masonry,
artificial lakes, dykes,
‘fountains,’ pressurized
water, roadways and
complex terracing.
The Ancient Maya
(300 - 900 AD)
- a diverse group of indigenous people who lived in parts of
present-day Mexico, Belize Guatemala El salvador and
Honduras.
- One of the most sophisticated and complex civilizations in
the Western Hemisphere.
- Responsible for a number of remarkable scientific
achievements in astronomy, agriculture, engineering, and
communications.
- They develop their own sciences independently
Mayan Astronomy
- Mayans strongly believed in the influence of the cosmos on
daily life. Mayans knowledge and understanding of celestial
bodies was advanced for their time for example, they knew
how to predict solar eclipse. They also use astrological cycles
to aid in planting and harvesting and develop two calendars
that are as precise as those we use today.
 The Dresden Codex
one of the three rescued
maya books, is believed to
have been produced in
Q the 10th century. It
contains predictions of
solar eclipses for
centuries and a table of
predicted positions of Venus and bears testimony to the advanced
stage of maya astronomy.
 Rubber
- was the best known
mesoamerican invention
- Which was used to create
the rubber bands, rubber
bindings, balls, syringes,
‘raincoats,’ boots, and
waterproof insulation on
containers and flasks.
Rubber Balls
 Rubber
- Historians now think that the
maya were producing rubber
products about 3,000 years before
goodyear received his patent in
1843. Researchers believe that the
maya discovered this process
accidentally during a religious
ritual in which they combined the
rubber tree and the morning glory
plant.
Rubber Balls
 Rubber
- Once they realized how strong
and versatile this new material
was the Maya began to use it in
a variety of ways to make
water resistant cloth, glue
bindings for books, figurines,
and the large rubber balls used
in the ritual game known as
pakatok.
Rubber Balls
The Hydraulic System of the Mayans
- was very impressive many cities
including their city of
Kaminalijuyu has
sophisticated waterways,
making use of hydraulic
technology to successfully
supply water throughout t
he sprawling communities.
This allowed the mayans to farm with more ease and was a
true innovation with mesoamerica as a whole
The Mayan Writing System
- Only known logosyllabic writing system
in the Americas
- glyps are used to represent ideas and
words
- Writing done with brushes made with
animal hair in black and red ink.
- Aztec name for the Maya is literally “the
land of the red and black”
The Aztec
(13th Century)

- Originated as a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico.

- Arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13 th
century.
- Emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing
an intricate social, political, religious and commercial
organization
- Made several important advancements in the domains of
education and science.
The Aztec
(13th Century)

- Education includes the basic military training for all male

students. While in the field of science, they made advancements
in mathematics, medicine, and astronomy.
- Most remarkable achievements was in the domain of architecture
and building of various structures.
- Enduring feats include the chinampa system of farming, stone
carving, and the remarkable step pyramids.
- Built two large aqueducts
- In the domain of medicine and healthcare, Aztec technology was
no less impressive for their own time.
- The most important aspect of
Aztec technology for
agriculture was the
“chinampa”
Chinampa
- is a technique used in
Mesoamerican agriculture
which relied on small,
rectangular areas of fertile
arable land to grow crops on the
shallow lake beds in the Valley
of Mexico.
The Inca
(C. 1400 and 1533 CE)
- Inca civilization flourished in ancient
Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and
their empire eventually extended across
western South America from Quito in the
North to Santiago in the South, making it
the largest empire ever seen in the
Americas and the largest in the world at
that time.
- Conquered people and exploited
landscapes in such diverse settings as
plains, mountains, desserts, and tropical
jungle.
- All book-keeping was done by placing knots in textile strings
known as quipu.
- Their architecture is the most significant and renowned pre-
Columbian architecture including some of the most finely worked
stone structures from any ancient civilization.
- Achieved marvelous feats in civil and hydraulic engineering and
their understanding of the fields is considered both advanced and
complete.
- Built impressive waterworks.
- They built a monumental road system in one of the most difficult
terrains to govern their huge empire. Expanded the existing road to
create an elaborate road system which ran for around 40,000
kilometers (25,000 miles) and provided access to over 3,000,000
square kilometers (1,200,000 sq. m) of territory.
- Consists of two main roads: western route and eastern route.
- Incas invented the technique of freeze-drying to make food
durable.
- Quilqa (“deposit, storehouse”) is a term used for the storehouse of
the Inca.
- Revered the coca plant as sacred/magical.
 Asian
- In the past, the Asian civilization
most notable for their contributions
to science and technology were
India, China and the West Asian
civilization.
- Probably the most notable country
in Asia in terms of its technological
and scientific achievement is
Japan.
 Asian
- Post 1500 literature on Asia by
Europeans contains many
great descriptions of Asian
science, technology, and
crafts: such as weaving,
printing, papermaking,
binding, measuring devices,
porcelain manufacture,
pumps, and so many others.
 Asian
- The Western science of botany was profoundly influenced by
the description of Asian flora and by the specimens taken back
to Europe and successfully grown in European experiment
gardens.
- Alchemy was an important precursor to chemistry and was also
developed in Asia as found in Chinese and Indian manuscripts.
Middle East
- In seventeenth-century scientists knew that much essential
Muslim knowledge had not yet reached the West.
- Recognized that the answers to many questions were to be
found in Arabic and Persian sources, including masterpieces of
Greek mathematics that survived as Arabic versions enriched
with commentaries and solutions to equations.
- slamic science was a synthesis of Hellenistic, Middle Eastern
and Indian sciences, especially in mathematics, optics,
medicine, and geography.
Middle East
- The transmission of works of sciences, even philosophy and
other intellectual endeavors was well underway especially with
the establishment in Baghdad the House of Wisdom.
Middle East
- Europeans, likely in the Iberian
Peninsula, were involved in
borrowing Islamic knowledge in
the fields of natural and applied
sciences through the spread of
Asian food and technical crops
and cultivation techniques as a
result of Arabo-Berber occupation
in the 8th century.
African
- The intellectual contribution of African societies to world
civilization has been overshadowed by the magnitude of African
economic and cultural inputs.
- People of African descent come from ancient, rich and elaborate
cultures that created a wealth of technologies in many areas.
- After the Arab conquest of Egypt and North Africa in the seventh
to early eight century A.D., Arabic becomes the language of
learning and Islam the dominant ideology.
African
- The first true steel was made
in Africa.
- Impressive example of early
African technology is the
Ishango bone.
- Sudan, Nabta Playa is the
oldest archaeoastronomy site
Archaeoastronomy is the interdisciplinary or
in the world. multidisciplinary study of how people in the
past"have understood the phenomena in the sky,
how they used these phenomena and what role the
sky played in their cultures".
Math
- Modern high-school-level concepts in mathematics first were
developed in Africa, as was the first method of counting.
- 35,000 years ago, Egyptians scripted textbooks about math that
included division and multiplication of fractions and geometric
formulas to calculate the area and volume of shapes. Distances and
angles were calculated, algebraic equations were solved and
mathematically based predictions were made of the size of floods
of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have 360
degrees and estimated.
Math
- Eight thousand years ago, people in present-day Zaire developed
their own numeration system, as did Yoruba people in what is now
Nigeria.
- The Yoruba system was based on units of 20 (instead of 10) and
required an impressive amount of subtraction to identify numbers.
Astronomy
- African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy.
- Egyptians charted the movement of the sun and constellations and
the cycles of the moon.
- Divided the year into 12 parts and developed a yearlong calendar
system containing 365 ¼ days.
- A structure known as the African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya
(constructed 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar.
- Hundreds of years ago, they plotted orbits in this system accurately
through the 1990.
Metallurgy and Tools
- Many advances in metallurgy
and tool making were made
across the entirety of ancient
Africa. These include steam
engines, metal chisels and
saws, copper and iron tools
and weapons, nails, glue,
carbon steel and bronze
weapons and art.
Metallurgy and Tools
- Between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago, Advances in Tanzania,
Rwanda and Uganda surpassed those of Europeans then were
astonishing to Europeans when they learned of them. Ancient
Tanzania furnaces could reach 1,800°C—200°C to 400°C warmer
than those of the Romans.
Architecture and Engineering
- Various past African societies
created sophisticated built
environments.
- Engineering feats of Egyptian:
the bafflingly raised obelisks and
the more than 80 pyramids.
- The largest pyramid covers 13
acres and is made of 2.25 million
blocks of stone.
Architecture and Engineering
- 12th century, hundreds of great cities in Zimbabwe and
Mozambique.
- In the 13th century, the empire of Mali boasted impressive cities,
including Timbuktu, with grand palaces, mosques and
universities.
Medicine
- Before the European invasion of Africa, medicine in what is now
Egypt., Nigeria and South Africa, to name just a few places,
were more advanced than medicine in Europe.
- Practices were use of plants with salicylic acid for pain. Kadin
for diarrhea, and extracts that were confirmed in the 20 th century
to kill Gram positive bacteria.
- Africans discovered ouabain, capsicum, physostigmine, and
reserpine.
Medicine
- Medical procedures performed in ancient Africa include
vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and broken bone settling,
bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental
cavities, installation of false teeth, what is now known as
Caesarean section, anesthesia and tissue cauterization. In
addition, African cultures performed surgeries under antiseptic
conditions universally when this concept was only emerging in
Europe.
Navigation
- Thousands of miles of
waterways across Africa were
trade routes.
- Many ancient societies in
Africa built a variety of boats,
including small reed- based
vessels, sailboats and grander
structures with many cabins
and even cooking facilities.
Reed-based vessels
Navigation
- The Mali and Songhai built boats 100 feet long and 13 feet wide
that could carry up to 80 tons.
- Current in the Atlantic Ocean flows from this part of West Africa
to South America.
- Contemporary scientists have reconstructed these ancient vessels
and their fishing gear and have completed the transatlantic voyage
successfully.
- Around the same time as they were sailing to South America, the
13th century, these ancient peoples also sailed to China and back,
carrying elephants as cargo.
Presented by: Group 2
Camay
Casila
Enad
Espina