Chap03 of MIS
Chap03 of MIS
Chap03 of MIS
2008,The
TheMcGraw-Hill
McGraw-HillCompanies,
Companies,Inc.
Inc.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.
Chapter
3
Computer Hardware
3-3
Learning Objectives
3-4
Pre-Computer Calculations
3-5
Early Computing
• 19th Century
• Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine,
which could calculate, store values in memory,
perform logical comparisons
• Never built because of lack of electronics
• 1880s
• Hollerith’s punched cards used to record census
data using On/Off patterns
• The holes turned sensors On or Off when run
through tabulating machine
• This company became the foundation for IBM
3-6
Electronic Computers
3-7
Waves of Computing
3-8
Microcomputers
• 1975
• ALTAIR flicking switches
• 1977
• Commodore and Radio Shack produce personal
computers
• 1979
• Apple computer, the fastest selling PC thus far
• 1982
• IBM introduced the PC, which changed the
market
3-9
Categories of Computer Systems
• fig
3-10
Microcomputer Systems
3-11
Recommended PC Features
3-12
Microcomputer Uses
• Workstations
• Supports have mathematical computer and
graphics display demands
• CAD, investment and portfolio analysis
• Network Servers
• More powerful than workstations
• Coordinates telecommunications and resource
sharing
• Supports small networks and Internet or intranet
websites
3-13
Corporate PC Criteria
3-14
Information Appliances
3-15
Midrange Systems
3-17
Supercomputer Systems
3-19
Computer System Concept
• Output
• Video display units, printers, audio response units,
and so on
• Converts electronic information into human-
intelligible form
• Storage
• Primary storage (memory)
• Secondary storage (disk drives)
• Control
• CPU controls other components of the system
3-20
Computer System Concept
• fig
3-21
Computer Processing Speeds
• Early computers
• Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
• Microseconds (millionths of a second)
• Current computers
• Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
• Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)
• Program instruction processing speeds
• Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
• Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
• Commonly called the “clock speed”
3-22
Computer Processing Speeds
• Throughput
• The ability to perform useful computation or data
processing assignments during a given period
• Speed is dependant on…
• Size of circuitry paths (buses) that interconnect
microprocessor components
• Capacity of instruction processing registers
• Use of high-speed cache memory
• Use of specialized microprocessor, such as math
coprocessor
3-23
Moore’s Law
3-24
Moore’s Law
• fig
3-25
Peripherals
3-26
Peripherals Advice
3-27
Input Technologies
• Keyboard
• Still most widely used input device
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars
• Selected with pointing devices
• Electronic Mouse
• Most popular pointing device
• Pressing mouse buttons initiates
activity represented by the icon
selected
3-28
Input Technologies
• Trackball
• Stationary device, similar to mouse
• Roller ball moves cursor on screen
• Pointing Stick
• Small eraser-head device
embedded in keyboard
• Cursor moves in the
direction of the pressure
placed on the stick
3-29
Input Technologies
• Touchpad
• Small, rectangular, touch-sensitive surface
• Usually on keyboard
• Cursor moves in direction your finger moves
• Touch Screen
• Use computer by touching
screen
• Screen emits a grid of
infrared beams, sound waves,
or electric current
• Grid is broken when screen is touched
3-30
Pen-Based Computing
3-31
Speech Recognition Systems
3-32
Speech Recognition Software
3-33
Optical Scanning
3-34
Optical Scanning
• Scanners
• Compact desktop models are popular for low
cost and ease of use
• Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are faster
and provide high-resolution color scanning
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
• Software that reads characters and codes
• Used to real merchandise tags, sort mail,
score tests
• Optical scanning wands read bar codes
3-35
Other Input Technologies
• Magnetic Stripe
• Reads the magnetic stripe on credit cards
• Smart Cards
• Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card
• Use more in Europe than in the U.S.
• Digital Cameras
• Allows you to shoot, store, and download photos
or full-motion video with audio into the PC
• Images and audio can then be edited or enhanced
3-36
Other Input Technologies
3-37
Output Technologies
• Video Displays
• Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
• Active matrix and dual scan
• Plasma displays
• Used in large TVs and flat-panel monitors
• Printed Output
• Inkjet printers spray ink on a page
• Laser printers use an electrostatic process similar
to a photocopying machine
3-38
Storage Tradeoffs
• fig
3-39
Computer Storage Fundamentals
3-40
Bit and Byte
• Bit
• Short for binary digit
• Smallest element of data
• Either zero or one
• Byte
• Group of eight bits, which operate as a single unit
• Represents one character or number
3-41
Representing Characters in Bytes
3-42
Using Binary Code to Calculate
• fig
3-43
Storage Capacity Measurement
3-44
Direct and Sequential Access
3-45
Direct and Sequential Access
• fig
3-46
Semiconductor Memory
3-47
Types of Semiconductor Memory
3-48
Flash Drives
3-49
Magnetic Disks
3-50
Types of Magnetic Disks
3-51
RAID Storage
• Secondary storage
• Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges
• Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
• Archival and backup storage
• Lower-cost storage solution
3-53
Optical Disks
3-54
Uses of Optical Disks
• Image processing
• Long-term storage of historical image files
• Storage of scanned documents
• Publishing medium
• Allows fast access to reference materials
• Catalogs, directories, and so on
• Interactive multimedia applications
• Video games, educational videos, and so on
3-55
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
3-56
RFID Versus Bar Coding
• RFID
• Scans from greater distance
• Can store data
• Allows more information to be tracked
• Privacy concerns
• Invisible nature of the system
• Capacity to transmit fairly sophisticated messages
3-57
Self-Service Kiosk Technology
3-58
Thank you
3-59