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02 Introduction To Logic

This document provides an introduction to the history and definition of logic. It discusses how logic has progressed from ancient philosophies like Nyaya in India, pre-Aristotelian thinkers in Greece, Aristotle's foundational work, developments by later commentators, and modern logic. Key points covered include the definition of logic as the science of correct reasoning and its divisions into simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning.

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Kiel John
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87 views35 pages

02 Introduction To Logic

This document provides an introduction to the history and definition of logic. It discusses how logic has progressed from ancient philosophies like Nyaya in India, pre-Aristotelian thinkers in Greece, Aristotle's foundational work, developments by later commentators, and modern logic. Key points covered include the definition of logic as the science of correct reasoning and its divisions into simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning.

Uploaded by

Kiel John
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

LOGIC
Progression and definition through history
Johnny's mother had three children.
The first child was named April. The
second child was named May. What
was the third child's name? 

JOHNNY
How many
animals of each
species did Moses
bring
None. aboard the
Ark?
How can a woman living in New
Jersey, legally marry 3 men, without
ever getting a divorce, be widowed, or
becoming legally separated?
It’s her job.
Remove six matches to make ten.
CUT THE CAKE:
How is it possible to cut a
traditional circular cake into 8 equal
size pieces, with only 3 cuts
Why can't you
take a picture of
an Indian woman
with hair curlers? 
You can’t take
photos with hair
curlers. You need
a camera.
You are in a race and you overtake
the person who is in second place.
What is your position now?
Second.
What do you call something that
when you say its name, you break
it?
Silence.
tal
JE
There was a green house. Inside
the green house was a white house.
Inside the white house there was a
red house. Inside the red house
there were lots of babies. What is
it?
If you have me, you
want to share me. If
you share me, you
haven't got me.
What am I?
What is as light as
a feather, but even
the world's
strongest man
couldn't hold it for
more than a
minute?
What has one eye
but cannot see?
Two girls were born to the
same mother, on the same
day, at the same time, in the
same month and year and yet
they're not twins. How can
this be?
“
Experience is the source of
knowledge, and logic is
its structure.
Aristotle
Origin
Etymology:Greek word logos
Spoken word/speech/reason

The actual term was


introduced by Zeno (300
BC) word logike
Greek
Discourses on thinking/
Treatise on thought
Definition
The science of correct
reasoning
Logic is not the foundation of
knowledge; it’s only a tool.
Definition

SCIENCE ART
Consists of a ART is the
system of power to perform
principles that certain actions
govern correct guided by special
thinking knowledge and
executed with
skill
Types
SYMBOLIC INFORMAL
LOGIC
Precise symbolic LOGIC
Application of logical
representations of concepts to the
logical concepts analysis of everyday
reasoning and
Study of abstract
problem-solving
relationships between
concepts
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
1 Nyaya philosophy
Changes in
2 Pre-Aristotelian the logical
methods
3 Aristotelian and
procedures
4 Post-Aristotelian
5 The Scholastics and
Crusaders
6 Modern Logic
1 Nyaya Philosophy
5th century B.C., India
Said to have been authored by Siddharta
Gautama
There is a need for the human
person to obtain knowledge
Nyaya – logical
argument/syllogism
1 Nyaya Philosophy
Four means of obtaining knowledge

PERCEPT INFEREN ANALOG VERBAL


ION
Error-free CEof
Use Y TESTIMO
cognition implication NYto
Due
Comparison
Comes from authority
direct and not by
contact direct
between the experience
senses and
object
2 Pre-Aristotelian
5th century B.C., Greece
Eleatics, Sophists, and
Megarics
What is the origin of the
universe?
3 Aristotelian

Founder of Logic

First thinker to devise a logical


system

384-322 BC
4 Post-Aristotelian

Epistemology
Greek and Latin commentators
Explanation and defense of
Aristotle’s works on logic
5 Scholastics and Crusaders

devised mnemonic names for


the valid moods canvassed in
the Prior Analytics
6 Modern Logic

Sciences (specifically Mathematics)


Algebraic school
Logicist school
Mathematical school
DIVISIONS

1 Simple
apprehension
2 Judgment
3 Reasoning
DIVISIONS
1 Simple
apprehension
The act by which the intellect grasps
the essence of something
Apprehension – lays hold of the thing mentally
Simple – the intellect merely takes the thing in
without any affirmation or denial about it
DIVISIONS
1 Simple
apprehension
DIVISIONS
2 Judgment
A mental operation that pronounces
the identity or non-identity between
two ideas
DIVISIONS
2 Reasoning
A mental act that proceeds from the
previously known truth to a new
truth
INTRODUCTION TO
LOGIC
Progression and definition through history

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