ARCHITECTURE PROFESSION-2proff Practice
ARCHITECTURE PROFESSION-2proff Practice
ARCHITECTURE PROFESSION-2proff Practice
CHANGING PARADIGMS OF
PRACTICE
Part - 1
UNIT 1
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION & PRACTICE IN INDIA
BUSINESS PROFESSION
EDUCATOR GENERAL
MANAGER
ROLE OF AN
ARCHITECT
SOCIAL AUDITOR
CONSCIOUSNESS
UMPIRE SUPERVISOR
1. ADVISOR - • Use the best of his knowledge and experiences to advice the client.
• Advice must only be in the interest of his client
3. AUDITOR - • Certify bills, payments & fees to the contractors and other consultant
• Work as an auditor
• He must be selfless & impartial
4. SUPERVISOR - • Must frequently visit work under construction irrespective of the distance.
• Inspect site, to see if work has been carried out as per conditions and specification of
the contract .
• Owner or the client completely relys on the architect in this aspect .
5. UMPIRE - • Has to work like an umpire in case of dispute between the owner & the contractor.
• Must act with entire impartiality .
• He shall educate directly or indirectly, his clients and the society to improve quality of
7. EDUCATOR - living and environment
ENGINEERS
INDIAN INSTITUTE
OF ENGINEERS
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF COA
PRESIDENT
VICE PRESIDENT
3 MEMBERS DISCIPLINARY
5 MEMBERS EXECUTIVE COA MEMBERS COMMITEE COUNCIL OF
COMMITEE ARCHITECTURE TERM 3 YEARS
(TERM 3 YEARS)
For this purpose, the Government of India has framed Rules and Council of Architecture
has framed Regulations as provided for in the Architects Act, with the approval of
Government of India.
3. Assessment of the standards of education and training of Architects within the country.
5. Setting-up new Arch. Institutions and helping them in providing necessary resources to
promote arch education.
REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS
• The Council shall upon its constitution assume the duty of maintaining the register in
accordance with the provisions of this Act.
2- VICE 2- JOINT
HONORARY MEMBER
PRESIDENT PRESIDENT HONORARY
TREASURER
SECRETARIES
MEMBER
STUDENTS - ASSOCIATES - FELLOW - HONORARY FELLOWS -
• a student enrolled in any • any person who has • any person who has • any individual who is not
one of the architectural attained the age of 21 and attained the age of 36 and necessarily a qualified
institutions graduated from one of the been associate member for architect but has
• Pay membership fees institutions registered with more than 10 years contributed to the growth
• access resource like library COA Can practice as arbitrator of architectural profession.
• attend various programme • Can attend general body • Havw all other rights as • NO voting right
by IIA meeting that of an associatre • This is only an honor
• NO voting right • Can vote and contest in member. bestowed onthe person
• Cannot attend general elections held by IIA • Pay membership fee
body meeting • Can write IIA after his name
• Pay membership fee
LICENTIATES - any person who is registered with COA is eligible to apply for licentiate member.
RETIRED MEMBERS - any fellow, associate or licentiate after attaining the age of 55 and on completely retiring from service or
profession can apply for this post.
SUBSCRIBERS - a subscriber shall be either a person who was a member of the Bombay architectural association at the time of
adoption of the original constitution of the institute, now likely to render assistance in promoting the objects of the institute.
FROM FRIENDS AND
BY SPECIALIZATION BY PREVIOUS WORKS
RELATIVES
BY WINNING
THROUGH OTHER
ARCHITECTURAL BY LUCK !
PROFESSIONALS
COMPETITIONS
SCOPE OF WORK
The Architect is required to provide services in respect of the following :
Part I - ARCHITECTURE :
Part II -ALLIED FIELDS :
1. Taking Client's instructions and preparation of design brief. 1. Landscape Architecture
2. Site evaluation, analysis and impact of existing and / or proposed 2. Interior Architecture
development on its immediate environs
3. Architectural Conservation
3. Design and site development.
4. Retrofitting of Buildings
4. Structural design.
5. Graphic Design and Signage
5. Sanitary, plumbing, drainage, water supply and sewerage design.
6. Electrical, electronic, communication systems and design.
7. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning design (HVAC) and other
mechanical systems.
8. Elevators, escalators, etc.
9. Fire detection, Fire protection and Security systems etc.
10. Periodic inspection and evaluation of Construction works.
ARCHITECTS APPROCH TO WORK
[STAGE 6] :CONSTRUCTION
[STAGE 7] : COMPLETION
CONTRACT BETWEEN CLIENT & ARCHITECT
• Architect Contract ensures that expectations of working relationship are clear on all
sides.
• Whether you're hiring an architect for an addition, a restoration job or a building from
scratch, you can create an Architect Contract using a few easy steps.
• Use the Architect Contract document if: You're providing architectural services to
another business or individual.
CLIENT'S ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES :
The Client shall discharge all his obligations connected with the project and engagement of the Architect as follows:
3. To provide a site plan, to a suitable scale, showing boundaries, contours at suitable intervals, existing physical features
including any existing roads, paths, trees,existing structures, existing service and utility lines and such lines to which the
proposed service can be connected. In case such information is not readily vailable, the Client shall arrange for the
survey/ collection of necessary information and pay for the same
4. To furnish reports on soil conditions and test as required by the Architect or pay for the preparation of the same.
5. To furnish specific conditions/ Statutory stipulations/ Codes of Practice/Schedule of rates, etc., desired to be followed
6. To pay all the fees, levies, security deposits and expenses in respect of statutory sanction
7. To give effect to the professional advice of the Architect and cause no changes in the drawings and documents without the
consent of the Architect
9. To appoint a Construction Manager (Clerk of Works/ Site Supervisor or Construction Management Agency in case of a large
and complex project) as per the Architect's advice.
EXECUTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT :
1. The Architect shall keep the Client informed about the progress of work in his office.
2. The Architect shall appoint specialized consultants in consultation with the Client, necessary.
3. The Architect shall be responsible for the direction and integration of the consultants work. The consultants,
however, shall be fully responsible for the calculations, the detailed design and periodic inspection and
evaluation of the work entrusted to them. The Architect shall, if requested, make available the design
calculations.
4. The Architect will advise the Client on the Time Schedule (Bar Chart/PERT/ CPM Network) prepared by the
contractors for the completion of work, if required
5. The Architect shall supply to the Client, free of cost, upto six sets of drawings at different stages.
6. The Architect shall not make any deviations, alterations or omissions from the approved drawings, involving
financial implications without prior consent of the Client.
7. Any professional services to be rendered by the Architect at the instance of the Client after the agreed project
completion period shall be compensated for on mutually agreed terms.
8. The Architect shall exercise all reasonable skill, care and diligence in the discharge of his duties and shall exercise
such general superintendence and inspection as may be necessary to ensure that works are being executed in
accordance with the Conditions of Contract.
9. Any revision in the drawings, tenders and documents, once approved, required to be made by the Client shall be
compensated as additional services rendered by the Architect and paid for @ 50% of the fee prescribed for the
relevant stage(s).
UNIT 2
DRAWING AND WORKS TO BE MADE:
THE OBJECTIVES OF I.I.A
1. To unite architects in our country
2. To promote Architectural Profession in India.
3. To encourage Architectural Education in India.
4. To prescribe syllabus and to hold examinations for those who have missed entry to formal education in
architecture.
5. To bring about necessary changes in law relating to Architectural practice.
6. To organize Conferences, Seminars, Lectures etc on subjects relating to architecture.
7. To promote improvement of quality of life,
8. Increase awareness about architectural profession in the society.
1. A member or student must not hold a position in which his interest is in conflict with his professional duties.
2. A member or student is remunerated solely by his professional fees payable by his client or by a salary payable by
his employer. It is the duty of a member or student to uphold and apply the scale of professional fees and charges
adopted by the IIA.
3. A member or student must not accept any work which involves discounts or commission.
4(a). A member or student may be architectural consistent , advisor or assistant of building contractors, decorators,
manufactures, house and estate agents, provided that he is paid by fee or salary and not by commission and that he
does not solicit orders for the company.
5(b). A member or student must not be a partner, director or member of a company connected with the building
industry or trading in land or building for profit.
6. Member or student must not advertise or offer his services by means of circulars or otherwise, nor may he make paid
announcements in the press, Except:
6(a). Advertisements, professional appointments open or wanted may be inserted in the press.
6(c). A member or student may notify his correspondence by the post only once.
7. A member or a student may allow signed illustration and descriptions of his work to be published in the press, but he
shall not:
7(b). allow such insertions to be used by the publishers for extorting advertisements for contributors.
8. A member or student may sign his buildings and may exhibit his name outside his office and on buildings in the
course of construction; the lettering does not exceeding 5 cm in height.
9. A member or student must not compete with another architect by means of reduction of fees or by other
inducements
10. A member or student on being approached or instructed to proceed with professional work upon which another
architect was previously employed shall notify the fact to such architect before finally accepting the appointment.
11. In all cases of dispute between building owner and contractors a member or student must act in an impartial manner.
ARCHITECTS (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT) REGULATIONS, 1989
• In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) ,sub-section (2) of Section 45 of the Architects Act,
1972, the Council of Architecture, with the approval of the Central Government, hereby makes the following
regulations to promote the standard of professional conduct/ self-discipline required of an Architect:
• ensure professional activities do not conflict with general responsibility to contribute to the quality of the
environment and future welfare of society.
• apply his skill to the creative, responsible and economic development of his country.
• if in private practice, inform his Client of the conditions of engagement and scale of charges and agree that
these conditions shall be the basis of the appointment.
• not sub-commission to another Architect or Architects the work for which he has been commissioned
without prior agreement of his Client,
• if in private practice, inform his Client of the conditions of engagement and scale of charges and agree that
these conditions shall be the basis of the appointment.
• not give or take discounts, commissions, gifts or other inducements for the introduction of Clients or of
work,
• promote the advancement of Architecture, standards of Architectural education, research, training and
practice.
• conduct himself in a manner which is not derogatory to his professional character, nor likely to lessen the
confidence of the public in the profession, nor bring Architects into disrepute,
• compete fairly with other Architects, observe and uphold the Council's conditions of engagement and
scale of charges,
• not prepare designs in competition with other Architects for a Client without payment or for a reduced
fee (except in a competition conducted in accordance with the Architectural competition guidelines
approved by the Council), etc.
Not have or take as partner in his firm any person who is disqualified for registration by reason of the fact
that his name has been removed form the Register under Section 29 or 30 of the Architects Act, 1972.
CLERK OF WORKS
• A clerk of works is a manager on a construction site who checks to see that work is carried out properly and that health
and safety rules are being followed.
• The Clerk of Works often abbreviated CoW, is employed by an architect or a client on a construction site. The role is
primarily to represent the interests of the client in regard to ensuring that the quality of both materials and workmanship
are in accordance with the design information such as specification and engineering drawings, in addition to recognized
quality standards.
Their role
• The role, to this day, is based on the impartiality of the clerk of works in ensuring that value for money for the client -
rather than the contractor - is achieved through rigorous and detailed inspection of materials and workmanship
throughout the building process. In many cases, the traditional title has been discarded to comply with modern trends,
such as site inspector, architectural inspector and quality inspector, but the requirement for the role remains unchanged
since the origins of the title.
• The clerk of works is a very isolated profession on site. He/she is the person that must ensure quality of both materials
and workmanship and, to this end, must be absolutely impartial and independent in decisions and judgments. He/she
cannot normally, by virtue of the quality role, be employed by the contractor - only the client, normally by the architect
on behalf of the client. His/her role is not to judge, but simply to report all occurrences that are relevant to the role.
• Clerks of Works are either on site all the time or make regular visits. They must be vigilant in their inspections of a large
range of technical aspects of the work.
This involves:
• making sure that work is carried out to the client's standards, specification, correct materials, workmanship and
schedule
• becoming familiar with all the relevant drawings and written instructions, checking them and using them as a
reference when inspecting work
• making visual inspections
• taking measurements and samples on site to make sure that the work and the materials meet the specifications
and quality standards
• being familiar with legal requirements and checking that the work complies with them.
• having a working knowledge of health and safety legislation and bringing any shortfalls observed to the attention
of the resident engineer./supervisor appointed by the contractor.
• advising the contractor about certain aspects of the work, particularly when something has gone wrong, but this
advice should not be interpreted as an instruction
INSPECTION CONSISTS OF THREE STAGES –
• Inspection of Construction Materials
Voucher: Voucher is a written document with details which is kept in record as a proof of payment. For any payment, a bill
is prepared and payment is made on the bill, duly checked and acknowledged by the payee, by signature or revenue stamp
as required and after payment is made, bill becomes voucher which is kept in record.
It is the primary duty of the Architect either to approve or condemn the work done by the contractor and certify the
payment due. From time to time.. These duties are discharged as an agent of the owner but when he issues the certificates
his position changes from an agent to that of a judge.
The architect is acting in a quasi judicial manner between the owner & contractor, & he needs to be impartial to either of
the parties.
The certificate is only a mode of expressing the satisfaction of the executed works at different stages of work and it is as
given under -
1. Interim certificate.
2. Certificate of virtual completion.
3. Penultimate certificate
4. Final Certificate.
TENDER
Tender means an offer to carry work ,that is pre described , or to supply or purchase goods of prefixed specifications at a
price to be quoted by the tendered.
TENDER
an offer to carry any work
o Most suitable for semi o Suitable for single and o Most suitable for semi public and public
public and public small scale ownership organization
organization projects o Notice will be published in the newspaper,
o Competition is open to all o 5-6 contractors were magazines etc
o Notice will be published in invited to participate in the o In notice its necessary to publish the following
the newspaper, magazines tender • Name of the owner
etc o A letter of invitation is • Site Address and building type
o Notice should have the send to the contractor • Estimated cost of work
following information with the following points • EMD
• Name of the client • Name of the owner • -Date of commencement of work
• Site address and building • Site Address and building • Price of blank tender form
type type • Time and date of issue of blank tender forms
• Estimated cost of work • Estimated cost of work • Time and date of submitting filled tenders
• EMD • EMD – o Further contractors are requested to submit
• Date of commencement of • Date of commencement of following points –
work – work • Name of the company, address, name of
• Price of blank tender form • Price of blank tender form partner /director
– • Time and date of issue of • List of similar projects , list of projects carried in
• Time and date of issue of blank tender forms the last 3-5 years, with cost, architect & name of
blank tender forms – • Time and date of owner
• Time and date of submitting filled tenders • list of construction equipment possessed and
submitting filled tenders technical persons employed with the company
• IT certificate
• Solvency certificate from bankers
• 5-7 contractors were shortlisted & invited for
tender
UNIT 3
CONTRACTS
Definition:
According to FIDIC :
Contract means the General Conditions, the Supplementary Conditions, the Specifications, the Drawings,
the Bill of quantities, the Tender, the Letter of Acceptance, the Contract Agreement.
• Negotiated Contract
• Unit-price Contract
• Design Build
• Contractor offers to do the whole work for a total stipulated sum of money as shown in drawings and described by
specification.
• It's more suitable for works where contractor has prior construction experience.
• It's considered when tender process will tend to be slower and preparing a tender may be more expensive for the contractor.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Owner is aware of cost of project before the project • Lack of time flexibility in this method may
construction starts. result in delayed project implementation
• Project scope and limits are defined prior to the start of • Highly skilled Architect or Engineer needed.
construction.
• Difficult to implement revisions or change in
• Contractual relation between all parties, owner and the work on the later stage of the work.
Engineer are clearly defined.
• Compromise : guaranteed maximum price (GMP) reduces risk to owner while maintain advantage of cost
plus contract.
• By using this type of contract the contractor can start work without a clearly defined project scope, since
all costs will be reimbursed and a profit guaranteed.
COST + PERCENT OF COST
• Contractor is reimbursed for all his costs with a fixed % age of costs to cover his services.
• Project/site overheads may be covered by the %age or computed as one of the costs.
• Fee = percentage of the total project cost (Cost = 1,00,000.000, Fee = 2%)
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES
1. Construction can start before 1. The project total cost is completely
design is completed. unknown before the project start.
COST = expenses incurred by the contractor for the construction of the facility
Includes: Labor, equipment, materials, and administrative costs
TURN-KEY CONTRACTS
• A type of project that is constructed so that it could be sold to any buyer as a completed product.
• This is contrasted with build to order, where the constructor builds an item to the buyer's exact specifications, or when
an incomplete product is sold with the assumption that the buyer would complete it.
INDIAN CONTRACT ACT,1872
• It would have been difficult to carry on trade or any other business activity and in
employment law without this act.
• It is not only the business community which is concerned with the Contract Act, but it
affects everybody.
• The objective of the Contract Act is to ensure that the rights and obligations arising out
of a contract are honored and that legal remedies are made available to those who are
affected.
ARBITRATION :
• All disputes or differences which may arise between the Client and the Architect under
"Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges" with regard to the meaning or
interpretation or matter or things done or to be done in pursuance hereof, such
disputes and differences shall be referred for arbitration to the Council of Architecture.
• The arbitration shall be conducted as per the provisions of the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act, 1996.
• The decision and award of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on the Architect and
the Client
THE ARBITRATION ACT OF 1940:
1. Enacted in India to consolidate and amend the law relating to arbitration and is made
effective from 1 July 1940. The Act repealed the Arbitration Act of 1899 and relevant
provisions of CPC, 1908.
2. Act empowered Indian courts to modify award, remit award to arbitrators for
reconsideration and to set aside the award on specific grounds.
3. The Act laid down the framework within which domestic arbitration was concluded in
India.
• to deal with arbitration without the intervention of the Court (Chapter II)
• to deal with arbitration with the intervention of the court where there is no suit pending
(Chapter III)
• to cover arbitration in suits (Chapter IV).
• Provisions common to all three kinds of arbitration constitute the remaining proportion
of the Act (Chapters V to VII and the Schedules).
• The Act allowed courts to interfere at every stage of the arbitration proceeding; starting from the
appointment of the arbitrator through the interim stage till the passing of the award.*
This developed the culture of the court overseeing the arbitration proceedings and not giving arbitration
the status of an alternate resolution mechanism. This was coupled with the fact that the Indian courts
had enormous backlog of cases which delayed the resolution of the issues that went to the court;
• Any party interested in delaying the proceedings would resort to the court during any stage of the
proceedings taking advantage of the backlog of the cases;
• The Act did not prohibit the parties from raising disputes relating to the proceeding or validity of the
arbitration agreement or the constitution of arbitration even after passing the award, while they have
participated in the arbitration without demur;
• The Act allowed the award to be challenged on a large number of grounds, including the merits of the
award.
• Foreign investors were reluctant to invest in India as they required for a stable business environment
and a strong commitment to the rule of law.
POWERS OF AN ARBITRATOR
• To administer oath to the parties and witnesses.
• To state a special case for the opinion of the court of any question of law involved.
DUTIES OF AN ARBITRATOR
• His decision is a final judgment for which there is no appeal.
• If he is not interested in the subject matter of the dispute or in the parties appearing
before him, he must disclose these facts to the other parties before his acceptance to act
as an arbitrator.
• He must act strictly within the scope of the submission and should sign the agreement.
REVOKING AUTHORITY OF ARBITRATOR
• An Arbitrator once appointed by a party can be removed only by a court of law or can be asked by other two
Arbitrators.
• Arbitrator exceeds his jurisdiction or goes beyond the terms of the contract.
• Arbitrator misconducts himself or does not apply his mind to the disputes.
• Disqualification of Arbitrator in terms of the arbitration clause.
• Charges of fraud or favouritism against Arbitrator.
UMPIRE
• Is a third-party appointed by the arbitrators to settle differences between arbitrators,
• The scope of functions of an umpire and those of the presiding arbitrator in a three member arbitral tribunal
may be different.
EASEMENT
An easement is a right which the owner or occupier of certain land possesses, as such, for the beneficial
enjoyment of that land, to do and continue to do something, or to prevent and continue to prevent something
being done, in or upon, or in respect of certain other land not his own.
Types of Easement -
There are four types of easement-
• Continuous
• Discontinuous
• Apparent
• Permanent
(A) Continuous Easement -
A continuous easement is one whose enjoyment is, or may be, continual without the act of man.
Illustration
A right annexed to B’s house to receive light by the windows without obstruction by his neighbor A. This is a
continuous easement.
Eg.
Right to discharge water
receive light and air from neighor land
laying of drain lines etc
Illustration -
A right of way annexed to A’s house over B’s land.
This is a discontinuous easement.
C) Apparent easement - D)Permanent easement -
An apparent easement is one the existence of which is A non-apparent easement is one that has no such sign.
shown by some permanent sign which, upon careful
inspection by a competent person, would be visible to Illustration -
him. A right annexed to A's house to prevent B from building on his own
land. This is a non-apparent easement.
Illustration-
Rights annexed to A's land to lead water thither across B's
land by an aqueduct and to draw off water thence by a
drain. The drain would be discovered upon careful
inspection by a person conversant with such matters.
These are apparent easements.
EASEMENT
Land in which the beneficial enjoyment has been Land on which the easement is created (property A is
created (property A is enjoying the property B to access accessing Property B for 20 years ,so easement Rights
his plot) had been created on property B)
Owner of dominant tenement is the dominant owner Owner of servient tenement is the servient t owner
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF EASEMENTS
COVER NOTE
Part - 2
In India ,to set up their own Architectural Practice or seek employment in Government,
Semi Govt Organizations or seek faculty positions in Architectural Institutions must
Register or Enroll with following agencies
• Council of Architecture
• Income Tax Department
• Enrolment with local bodies like Municipal corporations
• Registrar of Firms
• Profession Tax Authority
• Service Tax Authority
LAND ACQUISITION IN INDIA
The process of land acquisition by the central or state government of India for various infrastructure and economic
growth initiatives
Acquisition Process
Investigation &
Notification
Objection &
Confirmation
Claim & Reward
Reference to
Court
Apportionment
THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT,1923
OBJECTIVE:
Aim is to provide workmen or their dependents some relief in case of accidents arising
out in the course of employment and causing either death or disablement of workmen.
The act imposes statutory liability upon an employer to provide payment to employees
when they suffer from physical disabilities & diseases during course of employment.
• At the time of injury workman must have been engaged in the business of
the employer and must not be doing something for his personal benefit;
• That accident occurred at the place where he was performing his duties; and
• Injury must have resulted from some risk incidental to the duties of the
service, or inherent in the nature or condition of employment.
AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION
Where death of a workman results from the injury:
An amount equal to 50% of the monthly wages of the deceased workman multiplied by the relevant factor or
an amount of 80000 Rupees, whichever is more.
AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION
"Faculty" means the full-time teaching staff members in the service of the
institution.
• The institutions shall have a minimum number of 12 faculty members for a student
strength of 100.
• The institution with the maximum intake of 40 in a class may have the faculty pattern
as prescribed in Appendix-B.
• The building should include class rooms and at least 5 studios, adequate space for faculty
members, library, workshop, materials museum, laboratories, exhibition/conference
room, office accommodation and common area for students and staff.
• The space requirements per student for architectural education whether in the Institution
or in the Hostel are apt to be more than for most other types of professional courses like
engineering and medicine because of the large space required for preparation of
drawings.
• This factor should be borne in mind in the design of Hostels and Studios.
• There should also be administrative supporting staff to run the Architectural Institutions.
• The entire capital needed is raised by • Two or more Architects or an A private limited company, or LTD,
the individual architect. Architect and the professionals is a type of privately held small
dealing with Building like business entity.
Advantages structural or Project This type of business entity limits
• All the decisions regarding every Management can promote a owner liability to their shares,
aspect of practice are taken by an partnership firm. limits the number of shareholders
individual. • A legal agreement is drawn up to 50, and restricts shareholders
• Entire profit is retained by an stating the capital brought up by from publicly trading shares.
individual. each partner, their respective
• No disputes about manner of running shares, responsibilities , NOT PERMITTED AS PER COA ACT
the practice or managing the projects Liabilities etc.
credit can not shared • Most of these Agreements are “
at will” means such a
Disadvantages: Agreement remain in force as
• In a large and complex project long as the partner wish remain
managing the design aspects together together.
with execution part becomes difficult.
• The practice may be affected during
prolonged illness
WORK STRUCTURE
• Structural Designer
STRUCTURAL, • Quantity surveyor(Arch./ Civil Engineer)
• Assistant Engineer / Surveyor
SURVEY / SERVICES • Draftsman /surveyor
• Manager/ secretary
• Account’s clerk,
ADMINISTRATION • Clerk/ Typist,
• Receptionist, Peons
FILING OF RECORDS
• Official Correspondence:
• Records of Drawings
• Financial Matters:
1. Office location should be in a prominent and convenient place for easy accessibility
2. Architects office need to be designed in a functional manner
3. All inmates should get proper ventilation and lighting
4. Care should be taken that no over crowding takes place
5. Architect should itself be methodical, then only he can expect discipline from his
office staffs
6. His cabin should bear evidence of his professional status
7. He should arrange appointments with his clients in a proper way to avoid long waiting
time
8. He should be ready for the clients meeting as per the appointment with all necessary
requirements
9. Catalogue and samples should be properly arranged
10. sufficient time and care should be allotted for all the office staff members
11. Office should posses a good library
ROLE OF A PROJECT ARCHITECT
A Project Architect plays a dual role in Arbitration –
1. Acts as “Quasi- Arbitrator” to give his decision on “Excepted matters” referred to him by one of the parties. His
decision on such matters is final and binding on both the parties.
2. He is required to supply whatever information the Arbitrators require in connection with the reference. This
could include copies of correspondence, drawings, site supervision memos, or such other things which are
relevant to the dispute.
In some matters he may be requested to appear before the Arbitrators to testify or clarify certain points or
decisions he may have given from time to time.
In such cases he performs his duty as an independent witness and is expected to cooperate with Arbitrators to
the best of his ability.
The contractor will seek Project Architect’s permission to either assign or sub-let a part of the contract
work. If the Project Architect refuses to give permission, his decision is final.
The main contractor will be responsible for co-ordination of work of all sub-contractors who are involved
in the project, with the knowledge and consent of the Project Architect.
All decisions about the quality of building material, workmanship of various parts of building or relating
to defective work, line, level, colour shades, etc. given by the Project Architect is final.
The contractor can request extension of time on ten grounds. Out of these five grounds are such that the
decisions given by the Project Architect are final. These five grounds are as follows:-
Force Majeure (or “Act of God”)
Exceptionally Inclement Weather
Civil commotion, strikes, etc.
Delay on the part of Nominated Sub-Contractor or Supplier
Delay on account of Artists and tradesmen engaged by the Owner.
Excepting the above five grounds, the contractor can initiate arbitration proceedings if he is aggrieved by
the Project Architect’s decision on any one of the following five grounds –
Consultants’ Fees
Pre-Occupation Formalities
Certification of Final Bill
Pre-Design Investigations
Premature Termination of
Final Accord and Satisfaction
Architect’s Services
UNIT 6
NEW CHALLENGES AHEAD: AMENDMENTS TO
THE ACT
The most contentious of the changes being proposed are those related to
the Professional Examinations proposed before registration of Architects.
the Council only ensures that the infrastructure, faculty, and intake
is as per standards: it DOES NOT set question papers, nor does it
really know who the institutes deem to graduate, and why.
NEW CHALLENGES AHEAD: AMENDMENTS TO
THE ACT
The fundamental issue that this raises is that the REAL mandate of
the Council is to ensure that ANYONE who can legally claim to be
an Architect, has a particular level of expertise, and thus would
not cause harm to society as a whole.
In essence, this would prevent all but the really sound Graduates
from jumping straight from the College to starting up their own
Architectural consultancy (at least at the scale that can be harmful
to society).
NEW CHALLENGES AHEAD: AMENDMENTS TO
THE ACT
The third issue is more complex: what about Architects who are already
registered? It would be against common law to need them to go through an
exam or lose their registration, and at the same time, to ignore them would
mean that for the next 20-30 years, the impact of this change would NOT be
felt in enhanced quality of professionals in the market.
Jai Hind!