PL/SQL – Part 1

Contents
• Lecture 1
• Why PL/SQL
• Basics

• Lectures 2 and 3
• Advanced PL/SQL

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Limits of SQL
Bank clerk
Wants to do withdrawal transaction for a person for
some amount.

If the person has enough money in the account, then

update the account

If the person does not have money, then give a

message

Accounts (holder, balance, account_type)

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An IF Statement in SQL

ACCEPT person PROMPT ‘Enter Persons Account Number: '

ACCEPT amount PROMPT ‘Enter Amount to withdraw : '

UPDATE Accounts
SET balance = balance - &amount
WHERE holder = '&person' AND balance > &amount;

SELECT 'Insufficient Funds'

FROM Accounts
WHERE holder = '&person' AND balance <= &amount;

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SQL Limitation
• Cannot express business logic well

• Has to perform 2 actions whereas we only needed to

do one action

• Limited in our messaging – what happens if account

does not exist ? . . .

• SQL needs programming power !

• PL/SQL provides that extra power
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PL/SQL – Programming
Language
• Oracle’s extension to SQL
• Proprietary Language

• Supports
• Variables and constants
• Structured data
• Assignment statements
• Loops
• Conditional
• Error handling
• Integrated with SQL

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Example in PL/SQL
PROCEDURE withdrawal(person IN varchar(20),
amount IN REAL ) IS
current REAL;
BEGIN
SELECT balance INTO current
FROM Accounts
WHERE holder = person;
IF (amount > current) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Insufficient Funds');
ELSE
UPDATE Accounts
SET balance = balance - amount
WHERE holder = person AND balance > amount;
COMMIT;
END IF;
END;

http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs3311/98s2/lec/plsql/notes.html
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PROCEDURE withdrawal(person IN varchar(20),
Example in PL/SQL
amount IN REAL
current REAL;
) IS

BEGIN
SELECT balance INTO current
FROM Accounts
WHERE holder = person;
IF (amount > current)
dbms_output.put_line('Insufficient Funds');
ELSE
UPDATE Accounts
SET balance = balance - amount
WHERE holder = person AND balance > amount;
COMMIT;
END IF; Package and execute as
END; functional unit

SQL> EXECUTE withdrawal( ‘Gillian‘ , 1000000.00 );

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Blocks
• PL/SQL is block-structured, where a block consists
of:
DECLARE
declarations for constants, variables and local procedures
BEGIN
procedural and SQL statements
EXCEPTION
exception handlers
END;

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Hello World – Anonymous Block

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Hello’);
END;
/

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Hello World - Procedure

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE hello_world as

BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘hello world’);
END;
/
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Hello with some input

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Program Structure
• May span multiple text editor lines

• Each line ends with a semicolon

• Text is not case sensitive

• Comments /* */

• Single line comments --

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Scalar Data Types
• Atomic Data Types
• CHAR
• Fixed length characters (1 – 32, 767)
• VARCHAR2
• Variable length
• NUMBER
• Fixed decimal, integers, floating decimal
• BOOLEAN
• Logical – TRUE, FALSE, NULL
• DATE
• Others – BLOB, CLOB etc

Composite Data Types – RECORDS, TABLES

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DECLARATIONS
• Variables and constants declared with a type
• Constants and not nulls must be initialized with a
value

DECLARE
varname dataType [ NOTNULL ]
[:= initialvalue] | [DEFAULT initialvalue] ;

constantname constant datatype := value ;

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 Examples
DECLARE
amount INTEGER;
part_number NUMBER(4);
in_stock BOOLEAN;
owner_name VARCHAR2(20);

tax_rate CONSTANT REAL := 0.15;

max_credit CONSTANT REAL := 8000.00;

my_credit REAL := 3000.00;

DECLARE
v_num NUMBER (3);
v_sum NUMBER (2) := 0;
v_major VARCHAR2 (5) DEFAULT ‘CIS’;
c_pi CONSTANT NUMBER :=3.14;
v_date DATE DEFAULT sysdate;
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Printing in PL/SQL
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON SIZE buffer_size;

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON SIZE 4000;

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON ;

DECLARE
v_num NUMBER (2);

BEGIN
v_num := 50
v_double := v_num * 2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ( ‘Number is ‘ || TO_CHAR (v_num));
END;

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Outputting

• DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(string);

• TO_DATE: character string to DATE

• TO_DATE(‘07/14/01’, ‘MM/DD/YY’);
• TO_NUMBER: character string to NUMBER
• TO_NUMBER(‘2’);
• TO_CHAR: NUMBER or DATE to character string
• TO_CHAR(2);
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MM/DD/YYYY HH:MI’);
• String concatenation
• s_first_name || ‘ ’ || s_last_name

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Program Control Statements
• Assignment statements
• Conditional Statements
• Loops

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IF-THEN-END IF
• IF condition is true then action statements
performed, otherwise they are skipped
IF condition THEN
programstatements
END IF;

• IF/ELSE/END IF:
IF condition THEN
programstatements
ELSE
stmt-list-2
END IF;

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IF-THEN-END IF /ELSE IF
IF (v_name = ‘dev’) THEN
v_salary = v_salary * 1.05 ;
v_commission := v_salary *.025 ;
END IF;

IF v_score >= 60 THEN

v_grade := `P` ;
ELSE
v_grade := `F`;
END IF;

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IF THEN ELSIF END IF

IF v_position_id = 1 THEN
v_salary := v_salary * 1.2 ;
ELSIF v_position_id = 2 THEN
v_salary := v_salary * 1.3 ;
ELSIF v_position_id = 3 THEN
v_salary := v_salary * 1.35 ;
ELSIF v_position_id = 4 THEN
v_salary := v_salary * 1.4 ;
ELSIF
v_salary := v_salary * 2 ;
END IF;

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Basic Loop LOOP
looping statements
EXIT [WHEN condition];
END LOOP;

BEGIN
v_sum := 100 ;
v_count := 1;
LOOP
v_sum := v_sum + v_count;
v_count := vcount + 1;
EXIT WHEN v_count > 10;
END LOOP;

What is v_sum and

v_count ?

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WHILE Loop WHILE condition LOOP
statement-list
END LOOP;

BEGIN
v_sum := 100 ;
v_count := 1;
WHILE v_count <= 10
v_sum := v_sum + v_count;
v_count := vcount + 1;
END LOOP;

What is v_sum and

v_count ?

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FOR Statement
FOR counter_variable
IN start_value .. end_value
LOOP
[REVERSE]
program statements
END LOOP;

v_sum := 0;
FOR counter in 1 .. 10 LOOP
v_sum := v_sum + v_count;
END LOOP

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Exercise Complete exercise
Input a number and
write it out, as well as its
SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
square, cube and double
DECLARE
V_NUM NUMBER (2);
V_SQUARE NUMBER (3);
V_CUBE NUMBER (4);
V_DOUBLE NUMBER (3);
BEGIN
…. := &NUM;
V_SQUARE := V_NUM * V_NUM;
V_CUBE := V_SQUARE * ...
V_DOUBLE := ...
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
('NUMBER: ' || TO_CHAR (V_NUM));
...

END;

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