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    AGE 212: Mathematics Iii: Luanar 2013/2014 Academic Year Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi

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    Donald Ngalawa
    The document discusses parametric forms of functions where both the x and y variables are dependent on a third parameter rather than being in the form y=f(x). It provides examples of converting parametric equations to Cartesian form through eliminating the parameter, and explains how parametric equations can provide additional information about the motion of a point along a curve compared to the Cartesian form. The document also illustrates how parametric equations can define the same curve but represent opposite directions of motion along it depending on the specific equations used.

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    AGE 212: Mathematics Iii: Luanar 2013/2014 Academic Year Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi

    Uploaded by

    Donald Ngalawa
    23 views19 pages
    The document discusses parametric forms of functions where both the x and y variables are dependent on a third parameter rather than being in the form y=f(x). It provides examples of converting parametric equations to Cartesian form through eliminating the parameter, and explains how parametric equations can provide additional information about the motion of a point along a curve compared to the Cartesian form. The document also illustrates how parametric equations can define the same curve but represent opposite directions of motion along it depending on the specific equations used.

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    AGE212_Maths_AnalyGeomPart2

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    The document discusses parametric forms of functions where both the x and y variables are dependent on a third parameter rather than being in the form y=f(x). It provides examples of converting parametric equations to Cartesian form through eliminating the parameter, and explains how parametric equations can provide additional information about the motion of a point along a curve compared to the Cartesian form. The document also illustrates how parametric equations can define the same curve but represent opposite directions of motion along it depending on the specific equations used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views19 pages

    AGE 212: Mathematics Iii: Luanar 2013/2014 Academic Year Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi

    Uploaded by

    Donald Ngalawa
    The document discusses parametric forms of functions where both the x and y variables are dependent on a third parameter rather than being in the form y=f(x). It provides examples of converting parametric equations to Cartesian form through eliminating the parameter, and explains how parametric equations can provide additional information about the motion of a point along a curve compared to the Cartesian form. The document also illustrates how parametric equations can define the same curve but represent opposite directions of motion along it depending on the specific equations used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    AGE 212:

    MATHEMATICS III

    LUANAR
    2013/2014 Academic Year

    Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi


    Agricultural Engineering Department
    TOPIC 1 November 14, 2013

    Analytic Geometry
    Topic November 7, 2014

    Parametric form of
    functions
    Introduction

    • In many cases, the variables x and y


    are both dependent upon a third
    variable or parameter, say, time (t) or
    angle theta (q).
    • In this way, a function may not appear
    in the form y = f(x) but in the
    parametric form:
    x  f (t ) y  g (t )
    Curves of parametric equations

    • To draw a curve of a function given


    parametrically requires expressing the
    function in Cartesian form.
    • The process of converting the
    parametric form of function into
    Cartesian form is called elimination.
    • The parameter is eliminated.
    Example of elimination process
    • Consider the function defined by the
    following pair of parametric functions:
    1
    x  f (t )  t 2 y  g (t )  t 0
    t

    • From g(t) we note that: 1


    t
    y
    Example of elimination process
    (cont’d)
    • Combining the previous expression
    with that for f(t), we obtain:
    2
    1 1
    x     2
     y y
    • From this equation, we obtain the
    Cartesian form:
    1
    y 
    2

    x
    Curve for x = t2, y = 1/t
    1.5
    1
    y 
    2
    1
    x
    0.5

    0
    -5 0 5 10 15 20
    -0.5

    -1

    -1.5
    Example 1. Parametric curves
    • Consider a curve that is defined parametrically
    by the equations:
    x  2t2
    yt 4

    • The Cartesian form of this curve is derived as


    follows: x  2t 2
    x  4t
    2 4
    x  4y
    2

    • 2
    • The Cartesian equation is: y  x
    4
    • This is a parabola shown in the next slide.
    Graph of y = x2/4
    30 y

    25

    20

    15

    10

    5
    x
    0
    -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

    Is this curve for x  2t 2


    y  t4
    Parametric curves - Example
    (cont’d)
    • The curve that is defined parametrically by the
    equations: y  t4
    x  2t 2

    only exists on the right side of zero on the x-y


    plane.
    • Note that when t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0
    • It can also be shown that x > 0 and y > 0
    • The correct curve for the parametric equations is
    shown in the next slide.
    Curve for x = 2t2, y = t4
    x > 0, y > 0
    30 y

    25

    20 x2
    y
    15 4
    10

    5
    x
    0
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12
    Significance of expressing
    functions parametrically
    • The parametric form provides additional
    information that cannot be deduced from the
    Cartesian form.
    • For any time t, the parametric equations give
    the coordinates (x, y) of a point which is in
    motion as time varies.
    • The parametric equations then indicate how
    the point (x, y) is moving along the curve in
    question.
    Parametric equations – a circle
    • Consider the parametric equations:
    x  cos t y  sin t 0  t  2
    • Using the identity:

    cos t  sin t  1
    2 2

    The curve is seen to be: x 2  y 2  1

    which is a circle, centre the origin and radius 1.


    Parametric equations – a circle
    (cont’d)
    • Now consider the parametric equations:
    x  sin t y  cos t 0  t  2
    • Using the identity:
    sin t  cos t  1
    2 2

    The curve is seen to be: x 2  y 2  1

    which is a circle, centre the origin and radius 1.


    What is the difference between the
    two circles?
    • In the first case, as t increases from 0
    to p (0 to 360°), the point (x, y) moves
    around the circle in anticlockwise
    direction, starting from the point (1, 0).
    • In the second case, however, the same
    circle is traversed, but this time in a
    clockwise direction, starting from point
    (0, 1).
    Difference between the two circles
    (cont’d)
    y (0, 1) y (0, 1)

    (-1, 0) (1, 0) (-1, 0) (1, 0)


    (0, 0) x x
    (0, 0)

    (0, -1) (0, -1)

    x  cos t y  sin t x  sin t y  cos t


    Difference between the two circles
    (cont’d)
    t = 0° t = 90° t = 180° t = 270°
    x = cos t, y = sin t (1, 0) (0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1)
    x = sin t, y = cos t (0, 1) (1, 0) (0, -1) (-1, 0)
    Problems

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