AGE 212: Mathematics Iii: Luanar 2014/2015 Academic Year Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi
AGE 212: Mathematics Iii: Luanar 2014/2015 Academic Year Lecturer: Wellam Kamthunzi
MATHEMATICS III
LUANAR
2014/2015 Academic Year
Advanced Calculus:
Part 2: Integration
Topics
• Review of basic integration principles
• Integration by U-substitution
• Integration of simple products of sine and cosine
• Integration of powers of trigonometric functions
• Integrals resulting in inverse trigonometric functions
• Integration using trigonometric substitutions
• Integration by using partial fractions
• Integration by parts
• Reduction formulas
• Using Tables of integrals
• Applications of integration
Topic January 7, 2015
Review of Basic
Integration Principles
1. Introduction
y dx x dx
1
p n
x dx p x dx p 1
p ln x C
Integrals of polynomials
(x 3x 4)dx x dx 3x dx 4 dx
2 2
Integration of the exponential function
• If y = ex then
C
x x
y dx e dx e
y dx e dx e C
px 1 px
p
Integration of the trigonometric functions
sin x dx cos x C
cos x dx sin x C
tan x dx ln cos x C
cot x dx ln sin x C
cosec x dx ln(cosec x cot x) C
sec x dx ln(sec x tan x) C
Integration of the trigonometric functions
sin px dx p cos px C
1
cos px dx p sin px C
1
tan px dx p ln cos px C
1
cot px dx p ln sin px C
1
4 sin 2 x C
2
sin x dx 1
2 x 1
4 sin 2 x C
2
cos x dx 1
2 x 1
x dx tan x x C
2
tan
x dx cot x x C
2
cot
x dx cot x C
2
cosec
x dx tan x C
2
sec
Example 1
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)dx
3 2
Solution
• Given: ( 4 x 3
3 x 2
2 x 1)dx
• Integrate each term separately
dx 2 x dx 1 dx
3 2 3 2
( 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) dx 4 x dx 3 x
4 4 3 3 2 2 1
x x x x
4 3 2 1
x4 x3 x2 x C
Topic
Integration by the
U-substitution
Method
Integration by algebraic u-substitutions
(x 6) x dx (sin x) cos x dx
2 7 2
(tan x) sec x dx
5 2
xe
x2
dx
Functions whose integral is the
logarithm function
• If the numerator of an integral is the
differential coefficient of the denominator
apart from a multiplying constant, u-
substitution can be used for the
denominator.
• Is U-substitution valid for these integrals?
dx du dx
x u (2x 1)
x dx ( 2 x 1) dx
( x2 1) 2 x 2 2 x 7
Example 2
(x 6) x dx
2 7
Solution
• Given:
( x 2 6)7 x dx
• The function outside the bracket is x.
• The differential coefficient of the inner
function is 2x.
• Then u-substitution is applicable.
• Let u = x2 – 6 then du = 2x dx or x dx 1 du
2
• Thus
(x 6) x dx u du u C
2 7 1 7 1 8
2 16
161 ( x 2 6)8 C
Example 3
(tan
5 2
x) sec x dx
Solution
• Given:
5 2
(tan x ) sec x dx
• Since
d (tan x)
sec2 x
dx
• Let u = tan x so that du = sec2x dx
6 u C
5 2 5 1 6
(tan x ) sec x dx u du
tan x C
1
6
6
Example 4
( 2 x 1) dx
2 x 2 2 x 7
Solution
• Given: ( 2 x 1) dx
2 x 2 2 x 7
• U-substitution can be used for the
denominator
• Let u = 2x2 + 2x + 7 then
du (4 x 2) dx 2(2 x 1) dx
(2 x 1) dx 12 du
Solution (cont’d)
• Using the u-substitution, we get
( 2 x 1) dx
2 x 2 2 x 7
1
2
du
u 12 ln u C
ln(2 x 2 x 7) C
1
2
2
Example 5
e
x2
dx
Solution
xe
x2
dx
Solution
• Given: x e dx
x2
• Let u = x2 then du = 2x dx or x dx 12 du
• Thus
x e dx
x2 1
2 e u
du 2 e C
1 u
x2
e C
1
2
Topic
Integration of Simple
Products of Sine and
Cosine
Products of sine and cosine
sin 4x sin 2x dx
Solution
• Given:
sin 4x sin 2 x dx
• Express as a sum or difference based on
sin 4 x sin 2 x dx 1
2 (cos 2 x cos 6 x) dx
14 sin 2 x 121 sin 6 x C
Topic
Integration of Powers
of Trigonometric
Functions
Powers of trigonometric functions
cos m x sin n x If both m and n are even, use either cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1
or cos 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x
Integration of simple powers of
trigonometric functions
sin x cos x dx
5
Solution
6u C
5 5 1 6
sin x cos x dx u du
sin x C
1
6
6
January 9, 2015
• Continuation ...
Integrals of odd powers of sine and cosine
x dx x dx
m
• Integrals of the form sin cos n
sin sin
m 1
m
x dx x sin x dx
cos cos
n 1
n
x dx x cos x dx
• Since m – 1 and n – 1 are even we may
then use the identities
sin x 1 cos x
2 2
cos x 1 sin x
2 2
Example 9
5
sin x dx
Solution
x dx
5
• Given: sin
x dx
5 4 2 2
sin sin x sin x dx (sin x ) sin x dx
(1 cos 2 x ) 2 sin x dx
5 2 2 2 4
sin x dx (1 u ) du (1 2u u ) du
u 23 u 3 15 u 5 C
cos x 2
3 cos3 x 1
5 cos5 x C
Example 10
cos x
3
dx
Solution
x dx
3
• Given: cos
x dx x cos x dx
3 2 2
cos cos x cos x dx cos
(1 sin 2 x ) cos x dx
3 2
cos x dx (1 u ) du
u 13 u 3 C
sin x 1
3 sin x C
3
Integrals of even powers of sine and cosine
cos x dx (cos x) dx
n
sin x dx (sin x) dx
m
m 2 2 n 2 2
sin x (1 cos 2 x)
2 1
2
cos 2 x 12 (1 cos 2 x)
Example 11
• A)
x dx
2
sin
• B) x dx
2
cos
Solution A
2
• Given: sin x dx
• Use cos 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x
sin 2 x 12 12 cos 2 x
• Thus:
2 2 cos 2x) dx
2
sin x dx ( 1 1
12 x 14 sin 2 x C
Solution B
2
• Given: cos x dx
• Use cos 2 x 2 cos2 x 1
cos2 x 12 12 cos 2 x
• Thus:
2 2 cos 2x) dx
2
cos x dx ( 1 1
12 x 14 sin 2 x C
Example 12
x dx
4
sin
Solution
• Given: sin 4 x dx
• Use the half angle formula
x dx dx (1 cos 2 x) 2 dx
4 2 2
sin (sin x ) 1
4
2
1
4 (1 2 cos 2 x cos 2 x ) dx
• Now
cos 2 2 x 12 (1 cos 4 x) 1
2 1
2 cos 4 x
x dx (1 2 cos 2 x
4
sin 1
4
1
2
1
2 cos 4 x) dx
1
4 2 2 cos 2 x
( 3 1
2 cos 4 x) dx
83 x 1
4 sin 2 x 1
32 sin 4 x C
Integrals of powers of sine and cosine
• Integrals of the form
m n
sin x cos x dx
n 1
sin m
x cos n
x dx sin m
x cos x cos x dx
m 1
sin m
x cos n
x dx sin x cos n
x sin x dx
• then use the identity
cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
Example 13
• A)
3 4
cos x sin x dx
• B) sin 3
x cos 2
x dx
A) Solution
3 4
• Given: cos x sin x dx
• Express in the form:
x dx
3 4 2 4
cos x sin cos x sin x cos x dx
2 4
(1 sin x ) sin x cos x dx
x dx du
3 4 2 4 4 6
cos x sin (1 u ) u (u u ) du
15 u 5 1
7 u7 C
1
5 sin 5 x 1
7 sin 7 x C
B) Solution
3 2
• Given: sin x cos x dx
• Express in the form:
x dx
3 2 2 2
sin x cos sin x cos x sin x dx
2 2
(1 cos x ) cos x sin x dx
3 2 2 2 2 4
sin x cos x dx (1 u ) u du (u u ) du
13 u 3 1
5 u5 C
13 cos3 x 1
5 cos5 x C
Integrals of powers of tangent and secant
n2
tan m
x sec n
x dx tan m
x sec x sec 2
x dx
m 1 n 1
tan m
x sec n
x dx tan x sec x sec x tan x dx
2 4
tan x sec x dx
Solution
• Given: tan 2 x sec 4 x dx
• n is even then
2 4 2 2 2
tan x sec x dx tan x sec x sec x dx
tan 2 x (tan 2 x 1) sec 2 x dx
• Let u = tan x so that du sec 2 x dx
1) du
2 4 2 2 4 2
tan x sec x dx u (u (u u ) du
1
5
u5 1
3
u3
1
5 tan 5 x 1
3 tan 3 x C
Topic
Integrals resulting in
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Integrals resulting in Inverse Trigonometric
functions
du du 1 1 u
u u 2 1
sec 1 u C u u 2 a 2 a sec a C
a2 u u
(a u ) sin 1 (a 2 u 2 ) C
2 2
2 a 2
Example 15
3
tan 1 2 x C
2
Example 17
• We can write
3 dx 3 dx
9 x 2 32 x 2 so that a 3 and u x
3 dx 1 x
• Thus 9 x 2 3 sin 3 C
Topic
Integration using
Trigonometric
Substitutions
Trigonometric substitutions
a2 x2 x a sin
a
a b x
2 2 2 x sin
b
a2 x2 x a tan
a
x tan
a b x
2 2 2
b
x2 a2 x a sec
a
b x a
2 2 2 x
b
sec
Example 18
x 1 x
Since x 3 sin then sin so that sin
3 3
3 dx 1 x
Thus 3 sin C
(9 x )2 3
Example 19
Also x 2 2 2 tan 2
• Substitute into the original integral
Solution
• Substituting into the original integral
3 dx 2 sec 2 d 2 sec 2 d
4 x 2 3 22 22 tan 2 3 22 (1 tan 2 )
2 sec 2 d
3 2
2 (sec 2 )
d 3
3 C
2 2
x 1 x
Since x 2 tan then tan so that tan
2 2
3 dx 3 1 x
Thus tan C
4 x 2
2 2
Topic January 16, 2015
Integration by Partial
Fractions
What are partial fractions?
• The process of expressing a fraction
into simpler fractions – called partial
fractions is summarized in the table
below:
Expression Form of partial fractions
f ( x) A B C
1
( x a )( x b)( x c) ( x a ) ( x b) ( x c )
f (x) A B C
2
(x a)3 ( x a) ( x a) 2
( x a) 3
f ( x) Ax B C
3
(ax 2 bx c )( x d ) (ax bx c) ( x d )
2
Integration by partial fractions
( 2 x 5 ) dx (113 x ) dx 12 dx
( x 2 )( x 3) x 2 2 x 3 ( x 2 9 )
Example 20
( 2 x 5 ) dx
( x 2 )( x 3)
Solution
( 2 x 5 ) dx
• Given: ( x 2 )( x 3)
• Express into partial fractions:
(2 x 5) A B
( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2) ( x 3)
2 x 5 A( x 3) B ( x 2)
Let x 3, then B 1 or B 1
Let x 2, then A 1
(2 x 5) 1 1
( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2) ( x 3)
Solution
• The integral is now expressed as:
(2 x 5) dx dx dx
( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2) ( x 3)
ln ( x 2) ln ( x 3) C
ln ( x 2)( x 3) C
Topic
Integration by Parts
What is integration by parts?
u dv u v v du
• Given a product of two terms to
integrate the initial task is to decide the
term that becomes u and v.
Integration by Parts: choice of u-part and dv-part
x cos x dx
Solution
• Given: x cos x dx
• Let I x cos x dx u dv uv v du
• Let u = x so that du = dx
• Let dv = cos x dx so that v = sin x
• Thus:
ln x dx
Solution
• Given: ln x dx 1. ln x dx
• Let I ln x dx uv v du
• Let u = ln x so that du 1x dx
• Let dv = 1. dx so that v = x
• Thus
I ln x dx x ln x x 1x dx x ln x dx
x ln x x C
x(ln x 1) C
Example 23
• Determine:
x
e cos x dx
Solution
cos x dx
x
• Given: e
• Let I e x cos x dx uv v du
• Let u = ex so that du = ex dx
• Let dv = cos x dx so that v = sin x
• Thus
I e x cos x dx e x sin x e x sin x dx
• Lets determine
sin x dx
x
e
Solution (cont’d)
sin x dx
x
• Given: e
• Let e x sin x dx uv v du
• Let u = ex so that du = ex dx
• Let dv = sin x dx so that v = – cos x
• Thus
( cos x) dx
x x x
e sin x dx e ( cos x ) e
e x cos x e x cos x dx
•
e x cos x I
Solution (cont’d)
2 I e x sin x e x cos x
I e (sin x cos x) C
1
2
x
Topic
Reduction Formulas
What are reduction formulas?
parts twice
• (2) x 3e x dx requires integration by
parts three times
Reduction Formulas
• Reduction formulas provide a quicker
method for determining some integrals that
can fit into such formulas.
• Examples of reduction formulas:
n
x n n 1 ax
x e dx a e a x e dx
n ax ax
n 1
sin x cos x n 1
n2
sin n
x dx sin x dx
n n
n 1
cos x sin x n 1
n2
cos n
x dx cos x dx
n n
Integral notation
• When using reduction formulas, a
special notation is frequently adopted
to reduce the amount of writing
involved.
• Any integral involving the index or
power n is denoted In.
• Similarly, any integral involving the
index or power n – 1 is denoted In-1, etc
Example 24
x e dx x e n x e dx or
n x n x n 1 x
I n x e nI n 1
n x
Solution
• Given: e dx
x 2 x
• and I n x e nI n 1
n x
• With n = 2,
I 2 x 2 e x 2 I 21
x 2 e x 2 I1
x 2 e x 2( x e x I 0 )
x 2 e x 2( x e x e x )
C
2 x 2 x x x
x e dx x e 2 x e 2 e
e x ( x 2 2 x 2) C
Example 25
2
• Given: x cos x dx
• and I n x n sin x nx n 1 cos x n(n 1) I n 2
• With n = 2
I 2 x 2 sin x 2 x 21 cos x 2(2 1) I 2 2
x sin x 2 x cos x 2 I 0
2
x dx
4
• Determine the integral sin
8 xC
4 3
sin x dx 1
4 sin x cos x 3
8 sin x cos x 3
Topic
Tables of Integrals
Tables of Integrals
• Tables of integrals are available for those
that frequently use integrals in their work.
• These tables are developed from the
standard integration techniques and
should only be used when one is
conversant with these standard
techniques.
• In order to use the tabulated results, the
integral must match the tabulated
integral.
Example 27
• given that
du (a 2 u 2 )
u 2
(a 2 u 2 )
au2
C
Solution
• Compare the integral you are solving and
the given result:
du dx
u 2
(a u )
2 2
x 2
(3 5 x 2 )
Let a 2 3 and u 2 5 x 2 so that u 5 x
2
du u
du 5 dx so that dx and x
2
5 5
• Substitute into the original integral
Solution
• Substituting into the original integral
dx
1
du
x 5
2
(3 5 x )
2 1
5 u 2 (a 2 u 2 )
1 5 du 5 5 du
5 1 u (a u )
2 2 2
5 u 2 (a 2 u 2 )
(a 2 u 2 ) (3 5 x 2 )
5 5
a 2u 3 5x
(3 5 x 2 )
C
3x
Topic
Applications of Integrations
Applications of Integration
Area
x
a b
Areas under curve
• In Fig. 1, the areas A1, A2, and A3 under the curve are
given by:
b
A1 A f ( x) dx
c
A2 A f ( x ) dx
b c
a b
b
a
d
A3 A f ( x) dx
d
c A A1 A2 A3
c
y y = f(x) y = f(x)
y
y
A1 A3
x
a b A2 c d
x
a b
Figure 1 Figure 2
Mean and RMS values
• With reference to Fig. 2, the mean and r.m.s values
between x = a and x = b are given as:
b
Mean value 1
ba a y dx
y y = f(x) y = f(x)
y
y
A1 A3
x
a b A2 c d
x
a b
Figure 1 Figure 2
Volumes of solids of revolution
• With reference to Fig. 3, the volume of revolution,
obtained by rotating area A through one revolution about
the x axis is
b b
Volume V [ f ( x)] dx y 2 dx
b 2
a
a a
y y = f(x) y y = f(x)
Area A Area A
C x C
y y
x x
a b a b
Figure 3 Figure 4
Volumes of solids of revolution and Theorem of
Pappus
• The Theorem of Pappus states that if a plane area is rotated
about an axis in its own plane but not intersecting it, the volume
of the solid formed is given by the product of the area and the
distance moved by the centroid of the area.
• With reference to Fig. 3, when the curve y = f(x) is rotated one
revolution about the x-axis between the limits x = a and x= b,
the volume V generated is given by
b
Volume V 2 y A 2 y y dx
a
y y = f(x) y y = f(x)
Area A Area A
C x C
y y
x x
a b a b
Figure 3 Figure 4
Centroid of an area
b b
2
xy dx 1
2 a y dx
x a
b
and y b
y dx
a a
y dx
Moments of area and Radius of
Gyration
• The first moment of area about a fixed axis
of a lamina of area A, perpendicular distance
y from the centroid of the lamina is defined
as:
First moment of area A y
I A y2
Moment of Area about the x-axis
• With reference to Fig. 5, the second
moment of area about the x-axis is
I xx y 2 dA b y 2 dy
b A b y b A d x b
y y y
x
y
y
d x x
d x x d G G
c
D D
x
y y y
Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
Moment of Area about the y-axis
• With reference to Fig. 6, the second
moment of area about the y-axis is
I yy x 2 dA d x 2 dx
b A b y b A d x b
y y y
x
y
y
d x x
d x x d G G
c
D D
x
y y y
Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
Parallel axis theorem
• With reference to Fig. 7, the second moment of
area about an axis DD parallel to the centroidal
axis GG is given by the Parallel axis theorem
which states that
I DD I GG Ac 2
• where c is the distance between the two axes.
b A b y b A d x b
y y y
x
y
y
d x x
d x x d G G
c
D D
x
y y y
Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
Topic
End of Lecture 5
Next Lecture
Multivariable
Calculus
Integration of products of sines and cosines
• Centroids of an area
• If x and y denote the coordinates of the
centroid C of an area, then
b b
2
xy dx 1
2 a y dx
x a
b
and y b
y dx
a a
y dx
Some Applications of Integration
• Areas under and between curves
b
Area y dx
a
• Mean values
b
Mean value 1
ba a y dx
• Root mean square (rms) value
Hz
100 1
Age
Hearing of frequency of sound and
age
Hz
100 1
Age