Seeley’s

ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo

See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables

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Chapter 14

Lymphatic System
and Immunity
Lecture Outline
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Functions of the Lymphatic System

1. Fluid balance
2. Fat Absorption
3. Defense

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 Lymphatic System and 4

Lymph Drainage

Figure 14.1
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Components of the Lymphatic System

Lymph:
• fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of
water and some solutes
Lymphocytes
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus gland
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Lymphatic Capillaries
Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to
circulatory system
Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces
Lymphatic capillaries:
• tiny, closed-ended vessels
• fluid moves easily into
• in most tissues
• join to form lymphatic vessels

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Lymphatic Vessels 1

Lymphatic vessels:
• resemble small veins
• where lymphatic capillaries join
• one way valves

Right lymphatic duct:

• where lymphatic vessels from right upper limb and
right head, neck, chest empty
• empties into right subclavian vein
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Lymphatic Vessels 2

Thoracic duct:
• rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels
• empties into left subclavian vein

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Lymph Formation and Movement

Figure 14.2
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Lymphatic Organs
Tonsils:
• palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity
• pharyngeal tonsils near internal opening of nasal
cavity (adenoid)
• lingual tonsils posterior surface of tongue
• form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around
nasal and oral cavities

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The Tonsils

Figure 14.3
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Lymph Nodes 1

Lymph nodes are:

• rounded structures that vary in size
• located near lymphatic vessels
• groin, armpit, neck
• lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering
blood

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Lymph Nodes 2

lymph moves through and immune system

is activated (lymphocytes produced) if foreign
substances are detected
removal of microbes by macrophages

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Lymph Node

Figure 14.4
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The Spleen 1

The spleen is:

• size of clenched fist
• located in abdomen
• filters blood
• detect and respond to foreign substances
• destroy old red blood cells
• blood reservoir

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The Spleen 2

white pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding

arteries
red pulp: contains macrophages and red blood
cells that connect to veins

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The Spleen 3

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The Thymus Gland 1

The thymus gland is:

• bilobed gland
• located in mediastinum behind the sternum
• stops growing at age 1
• at age 60 decreases in size
• produces and matures lymphocytes

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The Thymus Gland 2

Figure 14.6
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(b) ©Trent Stephens
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Overview of the Lymphatic System

Figure 14.7
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Immunity
Immunity is the ability to resist damage from
foreign substances.
Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins,
and cancer cells.
Types of immunity:
• innate
• adaptive

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Innate Immunity
Innate immunity is:
• present at birth
• defense against any pathogen
• accomplished by physical barriers, chemical
mediators, cells, inflammatory response

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Physical Barriers
First line of defense
Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers
Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens

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Chemical Mediators 1

Chemical mediators are chemicals that can kill

microbes and prevent their entry into cells
Lysozyme:
found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria
Mucous membranes:
prevent entry of microbes

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Chemical Mediators 2

Histamine:
promote inflammation by causing vasodilation
Interferons:
proteins that protect against viral infections by
stimulating surrounding cells to produce antiviral
proteins

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Cells of the Immune System 1

White blood cells:

produce in red bone marrow and lymphatic
tissue that fight foreign substances
Phagocytic cells:
• ingest and destroy foreign substances
• Example—neutrophils and macrophages

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Cells of the Immune System 2

Neutrophils:
first to respond to infection but die quickly
Eosinophils:
• produced in red bone marrow
• release chemicals to reduce inflammation
Basophils:
• made in red bone marrow
• leave blood and enter infected tissues
• can release histamine
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Cells of the Immune System 3

Macrophages:
• initially were monocytes
• leave blood and enter tissues
• can ingest more than neutrophils
• protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in
• spleen and liver
• given specific names for certain areas of body
(Kupffer cells in liver)
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Cells of the Immune System 4

Mast cells:
• made in red bone marrow
• found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
• can release leukotrienes
Natural Killer Cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• produce in red bone marrow
• recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus
infected cells
• release chemicals to lysis cells
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Inflammatory Response 1

The inflammatory response:

• involves chemical and cells due to injury
• signaled by presence of foreign substance
• stimulates release of chemical mediators

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Inflammatory Response 2

Figure 14.8
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Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is defense that involves
specific recognition to a specific antigen.
This immunity:
• is acquired after birth
• reacts when innate defenses don’t work
• slower than innate immunity
• has memory
• uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
• 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
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Terms Related to Adaptive Immunity

Antigen:
• substance that stimulates an immune response
• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs

Self-antigen:
• molecule produced by the person’s body that
stimulates an immune system response
Antibody:
• proteins the body produces in response to an antigen
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 Origin and Development of 34

Lymphocytes
Stem cells:
• red bone marrow
• give rise to all blood cells
• give rise to some pre T cells and pre B cells

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Lymphocytes 1

Lymphocytes are:
• type of white blood cell
• involved in adaptive immunity
• develop from stem cells
• differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T
cells

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Lymphocytes 2

B cells:
• type of lymphocytes
• involved in antibody-mediated immunity
• originate from stem cells
• mature in red bone marrow
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
• lead to production of antibodies

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Lymphocytes 3

T cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• involved in cell-mediated immunity primarily and
antibody-mediated immunity
• mature in thymus gland
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
• 4 types

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 Origin and Processing of B Cells 38

and T Cells

Figure 14.9
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Antigen Recognition
Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their
surface
Called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-cell
receptors on T cells
Each receptor only binds with a specific antigen
When antigen receptors combine with the
antigen, the lymphocyte is activated and
adaptive immunity begins

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The MHC Molecule

The major histocompatibility complex molecule
(MHC):
• contain binding sites for antigens
• specific for certain antigens
• hold and present a processed antigen on the surface
of the cell membrane
• bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and stimulate
response

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Cytokines
Cytokines are:
• proteins secreted by a cell that regulates
neighboring cells
• Example—interleukin 1 released by macrophages
stimulates helper T cells

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Proliferation of Helper T Cells

Figure 14.10
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Lymphocyte Proliferation
1. After antigen is processed and present to
helper T cells, helper T cell produces
interleukin-2 and interleukin 2-receptors
2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and
stimulates more helper T cells production
3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells
4. B cells produce antibodies

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Proliferation of B Cells

Figure 14.11
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Dual Nature of the Immune System

Lymphocytes give rise to 2 types of immune
responses: antibody-mediated and cell-
mediated
Antigens can trigger both types of responses
Both types are able to recognize self versus
nonself, use specificity, and have memory

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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity is:
• effective against antigens in body fluids
(blood and lymph)
• effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins
• uses B cells to produce antibodies

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Antibody Structure 1

Letter Y shape
Variable region:
• V of Y
• bind to epitopes of antigen using antigen- binding site
Constant region:
• stem of Y
• each class of immunoglobulin has same structure

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Antibody Structure 2

Figure 14.12
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Antibody Structure 3

Antigen-binding site:
site on antibody where antigen binds
Valence:
number of antigen-binding sites on antibody
5 classes of immunoglobulins used to destroy
antigens:
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

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Antibody Structure 4

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Antibodies 1

IgG
• 80 to 85% in serum
• activates compliment and increases phagocytosis
• can cross the placenta and provide protection to
the fetus
• responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic
disease of the newborn

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Antibodies 2

IgM
• 5 to 10% in serum
• activates compliment
• acts as an antigen binding receptor on the surface
of B cells
• responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO
blood system
• often the first antibody produced in response to an
antigen
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Antibodies 3

IgA
• 15% in serum
• secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous
membranes
• protects body surfaces
• found in colostrum and milk to provide immune
protection to the newborn

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Antibodies 4

IgE
• 0.002% in serum
• binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates
the inflammatory response

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Antibodies 5

IgD
• 0. 2% in serum
• functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells

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Effects of Antibodies 1

Inactivate antigen
Bind antigens together
Active complement cascades
Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
Facilitate phagocytosis

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Effects of Antibodies 2

Figure 14.13
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Antibody Production 1

The primary response

• 1st exposure of B cell to antigen
• B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and
memory cells
Plasma cells:
• produce antibodies
• 3 to 14 days to by effective against antigen
• person develop disease symptoms
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Antibody Production 2

The secondary response involves:

• Memory cells:
• occurs when immune system is exposed to antigen
that has been seen before
• B memory cells quickly divided to form plasma cells
which produce antibodies
• produces new memory cells

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Antibody Production 3

Figure 14.14
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is used against antigens
in cells and tissues.
It is effective against intracellular bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
It uses different types of T cells.

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 Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated 62

Immunity 1

Helper T cells (TH):

• activate macrophages
• help form B cells
• promote production of Tc

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc):

• precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

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 Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated 63

Immunity 2

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL):

• destroys antigen on contact

Regulatory T cells (Tr):

• turn off immune system response when antigen is
gone

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Proliferation of Cytotoxic T Cells

Figure 14.15
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Stimulation and Effects of T Cells

Figure 14.16
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Immune Interactions

Figure 14.18
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Types of Adaptive Immunity 1

Naturally Acquired Immunity

Active:
• natural exposure to antigens causes production of
antibodies
• can be lifelong immunity
• Example—mononucleosis
Passive:
• transfer of antibodies from mother to child
• Example—breast milk or placenta
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Types of Adaptive Immunity 2

Artificially Acquired Immunity

Active:
• injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the
production of antibodies
• immunization is a process of introducing killed, live,
or inactivated pathogen
Passive:
• injection of antibodies from another person or animal

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Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity

Figure 14.17
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