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Basics of A Typical C++ Environment

The document summarizes the basics of a typical C++ programming environment. It describes the key components involved which are: the editor, disk, preprocessor, compiler, linker, loader, and CPU. The program is created in the editor and stored on disk. The preprocessor processes the code on disk. The compiler creates object code and stores it on disk. The linker links the object code with libraries and creates an executable stored on disk. The loader loads the program into memory, and the CPU executes the instructions.

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78 views21 pages

Basics of A Typical C++ Environment

The document summarizes the basics of a typical C++ programming environment. It describes the key components involved which are: the editor, disk, preprocessor, compiler, linker, loader, and CPU. The program is created in the editor and stored on disk. The preprocessor processes the code on disk. The compiler creates object code and stores it on disk. The linker links the object code with libraries and creates an executable stored on disk. The loader loads the program into memory, and the CPU executes the instructions.

Uploaded by

warwarking
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of a Typical C++

Environment
Program is created in the editor and
Editor Disk stored on disk

Preprocessor Disk Preprocessor program processes the code

Compiler Compiler creates object code and stores it on


Disk disk
Linker Linker links the object code with the
Disk libraries, creates a.out and stores it
Primary memory on disk
Loader
Loader puts program in memory

Disk
Primary memory
CPU CPU takes each instruction and executes
. it, possibly storing new data values
as the program executes
Introduction to C++ programming
 A simple program: printing a line of Text

// A first program in C++


#include <iostream> //this line is going to be preprocessed

int main ()
{
std::cout<<“welcome to c++!\n”; // this is a statement
Return 0; //indicates that program ended successfully
}

Comment-semicolon (syntax error)-standard output stream object.


 // and /*….*/ Comments  Readability-
documentation

 Comments ignored by compiler  no


corresponding object code.

 #include <iostream> preprocessor directive


– Includes the content of ht input/output stream header
file <iostream>
– When should we insert it?
– What happens if we don’t?
 Int main()part of every C++ program

 ()maina program building


blockfunction

 C++ program 1 or more functions one of


which is Main.
 “Main” 1st function executed
– Even if not 1st function in program

 “Int” main  return type


 return 0 int (more later)

 { and } braces limits the body of each


function.
 What’s a statement??

 The Semicolon ;  statement terminator

 Input and output in C++  streams of


characters.
 Std::cout <<“welcome to c++”;
– Stream of characters = welcome to c++
– Receiver: the standard output stream object:
» Std::cout  connected to the screen

 <<  stream insertion operator


 >>  stream extraction operator

 Std::cout
– cout=name
– Std=namespace
 We should insert std before every
occurrence of cout-cin  tedious

 The using statement

 \n: \ escape sequence


Common Escape sequences
Escape Sequence Description
\n New Line
\t Horizontal Tab
\r Carriage Return:1st of
current line. no
\a Alert: system bell
\\ Backslash
\” Double quote
 Return 0 int main

 “Return” C++ keyword exiting functions

 Return 0: 0successful termination

 DO NOT FORGET TO CLOSE THE {


Other versions of COUT statement
 1st
– Std :: cout << “welcome ”;
– Std :: cout <<“to c++!\n”;
– ???
 2nd
– Std :: cout <<“\”welcome\nto\n\n\nC++!\””;
– ???
Introduction to C++ programming
 Another simple program: adding two integers
// Addition program
#include <iostream>

int main ()
{
Int integer1, integer2, sum; //declarations
std::cout<<“Enter first integer\n”; // prompt
std::cin >>integer1; // read an integer
std::cout<<“Enter second integer\n”; // prompt
std ::cin >>integer2; //read an integer
sum = integer1 + integer2; //assignment of sum
std::cout <<“Sum is “sum <<std::endl; //print sum
Return 0; //indicates that program ended successfully
}
 Int integer1, integer2, sum;
– Multiple declarations
– Or each declaration alone

 Declaration  allocating a location in memory for


a value to be stored.

 Int integer1the variables will contain integer


values. (otherwise runtime or compilation error).
 Declaration data type + name.

 Int integers

 Double real numbers

 Char  a single character. (int or char)


Example
 Note:
– Char x =2;

– Char y =3;

– Char sum =x + y;

– Std::cout<<“the sum of x and y is “sum <<“\n”;


Identifiers
 Identifiers variable names

 C++ identifiers:
– Any series of characters (letters, digits, underscores) not starting
with a digit.

– C++ is Case Sensitive A1 ≠ a1

 Declarations could take place anywhere before its use in a


statement or assignment.

 Sum= Integer1 + integer2;  assignment.


 Std::cout<< “enter 1st digit\n”;
 Std::cin>>integer1;
– Waits for the user (keyboard);
– Assigns the entered value to the var integer1.

– The computer converts the character


presentation to an integer (in this case).

 Subsequent use of integer1same value


 Std::cout << “sum is” <<sum <<std::endl;

– Output: sum is (the sum value)

– Endl  endline (another name in std


namespace)

– Endl prints an new line (\n) + flushes the


output buffer.
 Another possibility:

– Std::cout << sum is”<<integer1 +


integer2<<std::endl;
Memory Concepts
 Variable names such as integer1, integer2 and
sum actually corresponds to locations in the
computer’s memory. Every variable has a name,
a type, a size and a value.

 In the addition program, when the statement :


std::cin >>integer1; is executed, the characters
typed by the user are converted to an integer
that is placed into a memory location to which
the name integer1 has been assigned by the C++
compiler.
Suppose the user enters the number 45 as the
value for integer1, the computer will place
45 into location integer1:
Example:

Memory

integer1 45
integer2 72

sum 117

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