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Object Oriented Programming (C++) : Virtual Function Pure Virtual Function Abstract Classes

Virtual functions allow polymorphism by using dynamic binding at runtime. Abstract classes contain pure virtual functions with no implementation, requiring subclasses to implement them. This lecture discusses virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract classes, providing examples of defining abstract base classes and subclasses that implement pure virtual functions from the base classes.

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mynavathir
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31 views

Object Oriented Programming (C++) : Virtual Function Pure Virtual Function Abstract Classes

Virtual functions allow polymorphism by using dynamic binding at runtime. Abstract classes contain pure virtual functions with no implementation, requiring subclasses to implement them. This lecture discusses virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract classes, providing examples of defining abstract base classes and subclasses that implement pure virtual functions from the base classes.

Uploaded by

mynavathir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Oriented

Programming (C++)

Virtual Function
Pure Virtual Function
Abstract Classes
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Virtual functions
 Purpose of polymorphism
 Can access different implementations of a
function with the same function name.
 Design and implement systems that are
more easily extensible.
 For example: overloaded functions,
operator overloading, etc.
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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Virtual functions (cont.)


 For a class, if we have:
class Shape{
public:
void Draw();
//…}*ShapePtr,ShapeObject;

We can have two polymorphisms:
 ShapePtr->Draw();
 Compiler implements dynamic binding
 Function determined during execution time

 ShapeObject.Draw();
 Compiler implements static binding
 Function determined during compile-time

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Role of virtual functions


 Improve the reuse of the code.
 Provide the uniform interface of the
same actions for the sub-classes.
 Eliminate the time consuming and error
prone.

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Important notes 1:
 It cannot be a static member function.
 Add a keyword virtual before the function
prototype, and cannot be used for the
definition outside the class.
 Can be inherited, all the functions with the
same name in the derived class belong to
virtual function.
 Called be the pointer or reference of the base
class, and decided by the pointer to the class.

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Important notes 2:
 Virtual functions can not be defined as
friend functions .
 Virtual functions can not be overloaded,
they must be defined as the same
declarations as in the base class with or
without virtual.
 Constructors can not be virtual functions,
but destructors can.
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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Pure virtual functions and Abstract Class


 Abstract classes
 Sole purpose is to provide a base class for other

classes
 No objects of an abstract base class can be

instantiated
 Too generic to define real objects, i.e.

TwoDimensionalShape
 Can have pointers and references

 Concrete classes - classes that can instantiate

objects
 Provide specifics to make real objects , i.e.

Square, Circle
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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Pure virtual functions and


Abstract Class (cont.)
 Making abstract class
 Declare one or more virtual functions as “pure”

by initializing the function to zero

virtual type func_name(args)= 0;


 Pure virtual function

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

class Shape
{
public:
virtual void rotate(int) = 0; // pure virtual functions
virtual void draw() = 0; // pure virtual functions
virtual bool is_closed() = 0; // pure virtual functions
// ...
};

Shape s; // error: variable of abstract class Shape

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Example 1:
#include <iostream.h>
class B0 {
public:
virtual void display( )=0;
};

class B1: public B0


{
public:
void display （ ） {cout<<"B1::display （ ） "<<endl;}

};

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
class D1: public B0
{
public:
void display （ ） {cout<<"D1::display （ ） "<<endl;}

};

void main()
{ B0 *p;
B1 b1; Result:
D1 d1;
p=&b1; B1::display()
p->display(); D1::display()
p=&d1;
p->display();
}
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

Example 2:
class Shape{
public:
virtual void printShapeName() const = 0;
virtual void print() const = 0;
};
class Point : public Shape {
public:
Point( int a= 0, int b= 0 );
void setPoint( int, int );
int getX() const { return x; }
int getY() const { return y; }
void printShapeName() const { cout << "Point: "; }
void print() const;
private:
int x, y;
};

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江西财经大学信息管理学院
Point::Point( int a, int b ) { setPoint( a, b ); }
void Point::setPoint( int a, int b )
{ x=a;
y=b;
}
void Point::print() const
{ cout << '[' << x << ", " << y << ']'<<endl; }

class Circle : public Point {


public:
Circle( double r = 0.0, int x = 0, int y = 0 );
void setRadius( double );
double getRadius() const;
virtual double area() const;
void printShapeName() const { cout << "Circle: "; }
void print() const;
private:
double radius; // radius of Circle
};
Circle::Circle( double r, int a, int b ): Point( a, b )
{
setRadius( r );
}
void Circle::setRadius( double r ) { radius = r > 0 ? r : 0; }
double Circle::getRadius() const { return radius; }
double Circle::area() const
{ return 3.14159 * radius * radius; }
void Circle::print() const
{
Point::print();
cout << "Radius = " << radius<<endl;
}
void main()
{
Point point( 7, 11 );
Circle circle( 3.5, 22, 8 );
point.printShapeName(); // static binding
point.print(); // static binding
circle.printShapeName(); // static binding
circle.print(); // static binding
cout<<"Dynamic binding test"<<endl;
Shape *arrayOfShapes[2];
arrayOfShapes[0]=&point; //dynamic binding
arrayOfShapes[1]=&circle; //dynamic binding
arrayOfShapes[0]->printShapeName();
arrayOfShapes[0]->print();
arrayOfShapes[1]->printShapeName();
arrayOfShapes[1]->print();
}
Lecture 11: Virtual Function and Pure Virtual function

The end!

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江西财经大学信息管理学院

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