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Windows Programming: October 2016

This document discusses functions in Windows programming. It covers defining and using functions, return values, parameters including parameter arrays, reference and value parameters, struct functions, and function overloading. Functions allow code reuse and organization. They can return values, take parameters, and be defined within structs. Parameter passing can be by value, reference, or result. Functions can have the same name if their signatures differ.

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merhatsidik melke
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30 views23 pages

Windows Programming: October 2016

This document discusses functions in Windows programming. It covers defining and using functions, return values, parameters including parameter arrays, reference and value parameters, struct functions, and function overloading. Functions allow code reuse and organization. They can return values, take parameters, and be defined within structs. Parameter passing can be by value, reference, or result. Functions can have the same name if their signatures differ.

Uploaded by

merhatsidik melke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Windows Programming

October 2016
Functions
Topics
• Defining and Using Functions
• Return Values
• Parameters
– Parameter Array s
– Reference and Value Parameters
• Struct Functions
• Function Overloading

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 3


Functions

• means of providing blocks of code that can be


executed at any point in an application
• Why functions?
– redundant tasks
• Code length
• Maintenance
– code reusability
– multipurpose code

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 4


Functions
• may return a value
• may need information (parameters)
• may be:
– instance
– static
• Signature is name + parameter
• Can have functions in a class with same name
but different signatures - overloading
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 5
DEFINING AND USING FUNCTIONS
class Program
{
static void Write()
{
Console.WriteLine("Text output from function.");
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Write();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 6
Return Values

• way to exchange data with a function


– double vat;
– vat = getVat();
• things to consider
– type must be specified
– return keyword

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 7


Return Values
static <returnType> <FunctionName>()
{
...
return <returnValue>;
}
• When return statement is reached, program
execution returns to the calling code
• return can be used in void functions

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 8


Return Values
static double GetVal() static double GetVal()
{ {
double checkVal; double checkVal;
// CheckVal assigned a // CheckVal assigned a
//value through some value through some
//logic (not shown here). logic.
if (checkVal < 5) if (checkVal < 5)
return 4.7; return 4.7;
return 3.2; }
}
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 9
Parameters
• must specify
– parameter list with type
– matching list during call

static <returnType> <FunctionName>(<paramType>


<paramName>, ...)
{
...
return <returnValue>;
}
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 10
Parameters: Example
static double Product(double param1, double param2)
{
return param1 * param2;
}

static int MaxValue(int[] intArray)


{
int maxVal = intArray[0];
for (int i = 1; i < intArray.Length; i++)
{
if (intArray[i] > maxVal)
maxVal = intArray[i];
}
return maxVal;
}
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 11
Parameters
• calling a function requires parameter matching
static void MyFunction(string myString, double myDouble)
{
...
}
• the appropriate way of calling?
– MyFunction(“String”, 12);
– MyFunction(12, “String”);
– MyFunction(12);

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 12


Parameter Arrays
• last parameter in a function
• allows to call functions using a variable amount of
parameters
• params keyword
Definition
static <returnType> <FunctionName>(<p1Type>
<p1Name>, ..., params <type>[] <name>)
{
...
return <returnValue>;
}
call: <FunctionName>(<p1>,
01/01/2021
..., <val1>, <val2>, ...)
Windows Programming 13
Parameter Arrays

• useful for specifying additional information for


functions

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 14


Reference and Value Parameters
• C# offers three options:
– pass-by-value (default)
– pass-by-reference
– pass-by-result ("copy-out")

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 15


Reference and Value Parameters
• Pass by value is default parameter passing
mechanism
– data copied into function
– any changes to parameter inside method affect
local copy only
value parameter void F(int x)
{
x = 0;
}

int y = 9;

y unchanged F(y);

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 16


Reference and Value Parameters
• by reference: ref parameter passes data in & out
– use keyword ref in definition and call
– must use variable in call
– must initialize passed variable before call
ref parameter,
void G(ref int x)
initially 9
{
x += 1;
}

int y = 9;

y set to 10 G(ref y);

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 17


Reference and Value Parameters
• limitations on variable used as ref parameter
• must be non-constant value
• must use initialized variable

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 18


Reference and Value Parameters
• by result: out parameter returns data through
parameter
– use keyword out in both definition and call
– must use variable in call
– must assign to parameter inside method or compiler
error
out parameter void H(out int x)
{
assignment required x = 0;
}

int y;

y set to 0 H(out y);


01/01/2021 Windows Programming 19
Reading Assignment
• Variable scope
• Main function in detail

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 20


STRUCT FUNCTIONS
• structs may contain functions as well as data

struct CustomerName
{
public string firstName, lastName;
public string Name()
{
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
};
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 21
OVERLOADING FUNCTIONS
• to create multiple functions with same name working with
different parameter types

static double MaxValue(double[] doubleArray)


{
double maxVal = doubleArray[0];
for (int i = 1; i < doubleArray.Length; i++)
{
if (doubleArray[i] > maxVal)
maxVal = doubleArray[i];
}
return maxVal;
}
01/01/2021 Windows Programming 22
OVERLOADING FUNCTIONS
• overloading is possible as long as signatures
differ
• you could have functions
• that take parameters by value and by reference
• that differ in the number of parameters they require
• no need to explicitly specify which function
you want to use

01/01/2021 Windows Programming 23

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