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Micro Wave Oscillators

This document discusses micro wave oscillators. It provides details on: 1. Oscillators generate high frequency sinusoidal waveforms by converting DC energy from a supply. 2. Oscillators have two phases - a transient state where amplitude increases exponentially and an equilibrium state where amplitude is constant. 3. Common one-port oscillators use Gunn or IMPATT diodes as the active device coupled to a load. Oscillation and equilibrium conditions are based on impedances or reflection coefficients.

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Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Vohra
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120 views35 pages

Micro Wave Oscillators

This document discusses micro wave oscillators. It provides details on: 1. Oscillators generate high frequency sinusoidal waveforms by converting DC energy from a supply. 2. Oscillators have two phases - a transient state where amplitude increases exponentially and an equilibrium state where amplitude is constant. 3. Common one-port oscillators use Gunn or IMPATT diodes as the active device coupled to a load. Oscillation and equilibrium conditions are based on impedances or reflection coefficients.

Uploaded by

Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Vohra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MICRO WAVE OSCILLATORS

BSEE17017
BSEE17043
BSEE17066
OSCILLATOR

A circuit used to generate high frequency sinusoidal


waveforms by converting DC energy delivered from a
DC supply.
FORMATION ON AN OSCILLATION WAVEFORM IN THE
OSCILLATOR

Two Phases:
1. . Transient State
1. The amplitude increases exponentially.

2. . Equilibrium State
1. The amplitude becomes constant.
OSCILLATION CO NDITIO NS

Gunn or IMPATT Diodes

They can be divided into two parts:


1. . Active Device
2. . Load
These are one port oscillators.
“The one-port oscillation and equilibrium conditions
that use the impedances or reflection coefficients are
convenient for describing these one-port oscillators.”
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

In one port oscillators and in ADS the oscillation


conditions are based on the reflection coefficient.
OPEN LOOP GAIN TECHNIQUE

Instead of one port oscillators now the open loop gain


technique is preferred
The diodes are replaced by transistors
. pHEMT . HBT
OSCILLATION CONDITIONS
BASED ON IMPEDANCE
START UP CONDITIONS
OSCILLATOR | IMPEDANCE

. Active Part = One Port Network


. Load = Passive Circuit
. Connected in Series
. Impedance of both can be
measured by a Network Analyzer
MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSIONS

Sum of two impedances


I ≅ 0,b

When the signal level is small and I ≅ 0


CONDITION FOR STARTING AN
OSCILLATION

. Let the frequency at which the imaginary part X (0, ω) = 0 be at ωo


. R(0, ω) < 0 at ωo
These conditions must be satisfied:
SERIES OSCILLATION CONDITION

. Sum of the real part R < 0 and X = 0 at the oscillation


frequency ωo
. Slope of X with respect to frequency should be
positive
. Oscillations does not occur when these conditions are
not satisfied
OSCILLATOR | ADMITTANCE

. Active Part
. Load
. Connected in Parallel
MATHEMATICAL
CALCULATIONS

The admittance can be written as:


YA(V, ω) = GA(V, ω) + jBA(V, ω)
YL(ω) = GL(ω) + jBL(ω)
Or Y = G + jB
These conditions must me satisfied:
Suppose a fixed load (for example, Zo = 50-Ω load) is connected to the series resonating active part,
X(ωo) = 0, -r + Zo < 0, and the slope is positive

Admittance of the active part becomes:


ADMITTANCE

. At B=0, slope of B with respect to frequency is negative


. |G| < Yo
. Parallel oscillation conditions are not satisfied
Sum of the real part of Y at ωo and the load conductance Yo:
“When the admittance that satisfies the parallel oscillation
condition is converted into impedance, the converted impedance
does not satisfy the series oscillation condition.”
EQUILIBRIUM
CONDITIONS
. Amplitude becomes constant at equilibrium
By KVL,

These last two equations must be satisfied at the equilibrium


The oscillation frequency at equilibrium can be slightly different from the frequency determined
by the oscillation start-up condition

BECAUSE

The ωo given by the oscillation start-up condition does not generally


satisfy XA(Io,ω) + XL(ω) = 0
SERIES SUM RESISTANCE W.R.T. THE CURRENT
AMPLITUDE I

. R < 0 so, I will grow exponentially


. R > 0 for I > Io so, I will decrease
. Eventually the equilibrium is formed at Io
Large-signal admittance at equilibrium condition
are expressed:
OSCILLATION START-UP AND EQUILIBRIUM
CONDITION ANALYSIS USING ADS

. One with a port inserted in series and the other in parallel


. In series impedance ZA + ZL can be obtained
. In parallel admittance YA + YL can be obtained
. Two S-parameter analyses should be simultaneously performed
. Harmonic Balance simulation must be carried to measure the large-scale equilibrium condition
SIMULATION ON ADS

Series:
Parallel:
. ZA + ZL = 0
. YA + YL = 0
. V=0
. I=0
. Amplitude of the current flowing through the port
. RF voltage amplitude across the port will be the amplitude
will only be the RF current amplitude at equilibrium
of the voltage at equilibrium
OSCILLATION CONDITIONS BASED ON THE
REFLECTION
COEFFICIENT
START-UP AND EQUILIBRIUM
CONDITIONS BASED ON THE
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

. Reflection coefficients = ΓA and ΓL


. ΓA is also a function of |a| = E
. When incident voltage a = E⋅cosωt . The slope must be negative:
. Available power of PA = ½E2 from load
. Therefore,

. For exponential growth this must be satisfied:

. ΓA(0,ωo) = small signal reflection coefficient of active part


At Lower Frequency:
. Positive Phase occurs
. Frequency increases as the phase continues to increase until it eventually approaches the
oscillation frequency

At Higher Frequency:
. Negative Phase occurs
. Phase becomes negative when the frequency is higher than the oscillation frequency
. Phase decreases continuously and eventually attains equilibrium at the frequency of
oscillation
PLOT OF SMALL-SIGNAL ΓLΓA,

. Represented by ΓLΓA (0,w)


. fo should be satisfied for:
|ΓLΓA (0,w)| > 1 and ∠ΓLΓA (0,w) = 0
. The conditions change when the reference
impedance changes
. E will grow exponentially because |ΓLΓA(E,ωo)| >1
. E decreases when E becomes greater than Eo.
Equilibrium exists at:

. E will grow for small E because |ΓLΓA (0,w)|


>1
. E will decrease for for E > Eo because
|ΓLΓA (0,w)| < 1
. Eventually the equilibrium is formed at Eo
. Magnitude = 1
. Phase = 0°
Plot of ΓAΓL w.r.t. available Power
CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION

. Reflection coefficient seen from the port becomes ΓAΓL


. Reflection coefficient S11 at the port can be expressed as S11 = ΓAΓL when load and
active part are connected to broadband circulator with the reference impedance ZC
. The OscTest computes ΓAΓL for the frequency range that is specified as Start and Stop
EQUILIBRIUM BASED ON THE
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
. Product of the reflection coefficients ΓAΓL must be 1 at equilibrium.
. Port delivers the power to the oscillator circuit at a
large-signal level.
. Equilibrium is formed when the dissipation power of
the port is 0
. At equilibrium no power is delivered by the port
because |ΓLΓA| > 1
. When power from the port PL becomes 0 equilibrium
point can be found
“Every voltage and current in the oscillator circuit at
equilibrium can be obtained by calculating the currents
and voltages of the oscillator circuit at the port power
where delivered power from the port becomes 0”
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE OSCPORT AND
OSCPORT

. Fund Index is the index of the estimated oscillation frequency in the HB simulator
. Fundamental frequency = 1Hz
. Num Octaves is specified to determine the frequency tuning range
REFERENCES

Microwave Circuit Design by Yeom

https://
www.google.com/search?q=gunn+of+impatt+diodes&sxsrf=ALeKk03EBfnzKUoFgI2eLwRFbHE4ihzYZQ:1608492325328&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia-bLtpN3tAhV2QE
EAHf9sBYAQ_AUoAXoECBEQAw&biw=1366&bih=600#imgrc=mP5IBxxLgqNPEM

https://www.google.com/search?q=phemt+transistor&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj0i7Xlqt3tAhVFlBoKHQakAMUQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=PHEMT+tra&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgIIADoECCMQJzoGCAAQBRAeOgQIABAeOgQIABAYUKsIWPcWYPQoaABwAHgAgAGNAogBwAuSAQMyLTaYAQCgA
QGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=X6vfX7TgC8WoaobIgqgM&bih=600&biw=1366#imgrc=KHer0XOIrVtcdM

https://www.google.com/search?q=HBT+transistor&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi00Jrpqt3tAhUL5IUKHXovBAoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=HBT+transistor&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyBggAEAgQHjIGCAAQCBAeMgYIABAIEB4yBAgAEBg6BggAEAcQHjoHCAAQsQMQQzoECAAQQzoICAAQCBAHE
B5Q5vEJWMaCCmCOlQpoAHAAeAGAAdEDiAHfEZIBBzItNi4xLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=Z6vfX_SACYvIlwT63pBQ&bih=600&biw=1366#imgrc=
qOJFn41iJ2VGeM

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