MECH 1302

DYNAMICS
SEM 2, 19/20
CHAPTER 12
KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLES
 CHAPTER OUTLINE

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Rectilinear kinematics: Continuous motion
12.3 Rectilinear kinematics: Erratic motion
12.4 General curvilinear motion
12.5 Curvilinear motion: rectangular components
12.6 Motion of a projectile
12.7 Curvilinear motion: normal and tangential motion
12.8 Curvilinear motion: cylindrical motion
12.9 Absolute dependent motion analysis of 2 particles
12.10 Relative motion of 2 particles using translating axes
 MOTIVATION

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ccCJvZr2l4
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mylca_onT_I
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

Rectilinear kinematics

body is moving in a straight line/ path

Continuous Motion Erratic Motion

The motion can be described The motion is described by

by one equation two or more equations

F(x)
F1(x) F2(x)
 TODAY’S OBJECTIVE
 By the end of this class, student should be able to find some
important kinematics quantities of a particle when it moves in a
straight path such as:
 Position
 Displacement
 Velocity (speed)
 Acceleration

 Next, derive some formulas on how to represent:

 Velocity as a function of time
 Position as a function of time
 Velocity as a function of position
 LET REVIEW THE CONCEPT
OF PARTICLES

Particle:
- A body that has a small volume
- It has a mass but negligible size and shape
- Due to its small size, any rotation on the body is neglected.

Can we assume a large object as a particle?

- Yes!!! Why not
 THE APPLICATION OF PARTICLE

The motion of large objects such as rockets or cars can be often be

analyzed as if they were particles

With a condition that:

As long as the motion is characterized by the motion of its mass center

and any rotation on the body is neglected.
 POSITION
Position is a vector quantity where has both magnitude and direction !!!!

Consider a particle travels 5m to the right along a straight-line path defined

by the coordinate axis x.

o x

S = -5 i (Vector) S = 5 i (vector form)

S = -5 (scalar form) S = 5 (scalar form)
The position of the particle at any instant, relative to the origin, O, is
defined by the position vector s, or the scalar s. Scalar s can be positive or
negative. Typical units for s and s are meters (m).

Why position is important?

- Because from position we can determine distance and displacement.
 DISPLACEMENT
The displacement of the particle is defined as its change in position.

o x

S=5i ∆S’ = S’ - S
= 3i
S’ = 8 i

 Vector form: = s’ - s = 3i  Scalar form: s = s’ - s =3

 If
the final position were to the left of its initial position, s would be
negative. ∆S’ = S’ - S = -2i

o
S=5i

S’ = 3 i
 DISPLACEMENT VS
DISTANCE TRAVELED
Remember: The displacement of a particle is a vector quantity, and it
should be distinguished from the distance travelled !!!! which is scalar
quantity.

What is the displacement?

What is the total distance traveled?

= 5 + 5 = 10m

The total distance traveled, sT, is a positive scalar that represents the total
length which the particle travels.
 VELOCITY
Velocity is the rate of change in the position of a particle. It is a vector
quantity (it has both magnitude and direction).

Average velocity Instantaneous velocity:

 Velocity of a particle during a time the time-derivative of the position
interval t: (derivation form displacement
vavg = s / (from measurement) equation).

 Δ𝑡

Remark:
if the particle is moving to the right, the velocity is positive; whereas if it
is moving to the left, the velocity is negative
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 |VELOCITY|= SPEED
The magnitude of the velocity is called speed and the units is generally
expressed in m/s.
|v| = |ds / dt|

Speed is a scalar quantity with no sense of direction and always non-

negative.

  Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time:

(vsp)avg = sT /
 AVERAGE VELOCITY VS
AVERAGE SPEED
 = 5s

Average velocity:

Average speed:
DIY
 ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a
vector quantity. Typical units are m/s2.
The average
 Δ𝑡 acceleration of the
Δ  𝑣 particle during the time
interval t is defined as:

The instantaneous acceleration is the time

derivative of velocity.

Vector form: a = dv / dt Scalar form: a = dv / dt = d2s / dt2

-
Acceleration can be positive (speed
increasing) or negative (speed
decreasing).
EXAMPLES
 KINEMATICS EQUATIONS
• Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.
ds
v=
dt
a ds =v dv
dv
a= 3rd Kinematics Equation
dt (No time)

• Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.

Position: Velocity:
s t v t v s

òds =òv dt òdv =òa dt òv dv =òa ds

v0 s0
s0 0 v0 0

• Note that so and vo represent the initial position and

velocity of the particle at t = 0.
EXAMPLES
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
Given: A particle travels along a straight line to the right
with a velocity of v = ( 4 t – 3 t2 ) m/s where t is
in seconds. Also, s = 0 when t = 0.

Find: The position and acceleration of the particle

when t = 4 s.

ds dv a ds =v dv
v= a=
dt dt
Solution:
1) Take a derivative of the velocity to determine the acceleration.
a = dv / dt = d(4 t – 3 t2) / dt = 4 – 6 t
 a = – 20 m/s2 (or in the  direction) when t = 4 s

2) Calculate the distance traveled in 4s by integrating the

velocity using so = 0: s t

v = ds / dt  ds = v dt  òds =ò (4 t – 3 t2) dt
 s – so = 2 t2 – t3 so o

 s – 0 = 2(4)2 – (4)3  s = – 32 m (or )

 CONSTANT ACCELERATION
The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case
when acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful equations.

A common example of constant acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body

freely falling toward earth. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 downward.
These equations are:

v =v0 + act
v =v0 + act

1 2
yields s =s0 + v0t + act
2

yields
v 2 =v02 + 2ac ( s - s0 )
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
ds dv a ds =v dv
v= a=
dt dt
v s
s t v t

òds =òv dt òdv = òa dt òv dv =òa ds

v0 s0
s0 0 v0 0

With constant acceleration, ac:

1 2
v =v0 + act s =s0 + v0t + act 2 2
v =v + 2ac ( s - s0 )
0
2

How we want to use these equation??????

EXAMPLES
APPLICATION EXAMPLES

vc
 QUESTIONS?

Assignment Chapter 12: 1,7,12,20

Next class:
12.4 General curvilinear motion
12.5 Curvilinear motion: rectangular components