- DVT of the lower extremities.

- Thrombophlebitis.
- Obliterating disease arteries.
- Thrombosis and embolism trunk
artery.

Done by : Tojan Faisal Alzoubi

Group : 17-010
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

occurs when a blood clot
(thrombus) forms in one or more of
the deep veins in your body, usually
in your legs. Deep vein thrombosis
can cause leg pain or swelling but
also can occur with no symptoms.
You can get DVT if you have certain medical conditions that affect how
your blood clots. A blood clot in your legs can also happen if you don't
move for a long time, such as after you have surgery or an accident,
when you're traveling a long distance, or when you're on bed rest.

Deep vein thrombosis can be very serious because blood clots in your
veins can break loose, travel through your bloodstream and get stuck in
your lungs, blocking blood flow (pulmonary embolism). However,
pulmonary embolism can occur with no evidence of DVT.
Symptoms

DVT signs and symptoms can include:

- Swelling in the affected leg. Rarely, there's swelling in both legs.

- Pain in your leg. The pain often starts in your calf and can feel like
cramping or soreness.
- Red or discolored skin on the leg.
- A feeling of warmth in the affected leg.
- Deep vein thrombosis can occur without noticeable symptoms.
The warning signs and symptoms of a pulmonary
embolism include:

- Sudden shortness of breath

- Chest pain or discomfort that worsens when you take a deep breath or
when you cough
- Feeling lightheaded or dizzy, or fainting
- Rapid pulse
- Rapid breathing
- Coughing up blood
Causes
- Anything that prevents your blood from flowing or clotting normally
can cause a blood clot.
- The main causes of DVT are damage to a vein from surgery or trauma
and inflammation due to infection or injury.
Complications
Complications of DVT can include:
- Pulmonary embolism (PE). PE is a potentially life-threatening complication associated with DVT. It
occurs when a blood vessel in your lung becomes blocked by a blood clot (thrombus) that travels to your
lung from another part of your body, usually your leg.

It's important to get immediate medical help if you have signs and symptoms of PE. Sudden shortness of
breath, chest pain while inhaling or coughing, rapid breathing, rapid pulse, feeling faint or fainting, and
coughing up blood may occur with a PE.

- Postphlebitic syndrome. Damage to your veins from the blood clot reduces blood flow in the affected
areas, causing leg pain and swelling, skin discoloration and skin sores.

- Treatment complications. Complications may result from blood thinners used to treat DVTs. Bleeding
(hemorrhage) is a worrisome side effect of blood thinners. It's important to have regular blood tests while
taking such medications.
Prevention
Measures to prevent deep vein thrombosis include the following:

- Avoid sitting still. If you have had surgery or have been on bed rest for other
reasons, try to get moving as soon as possible. If you're sitting for a while, don't
cross your legs, which can block blood flow. If you're traveling a long distance by
car, stop every hour or so and walk around.
If you're on a plane, stand or walk occasionally. If you can't do that, exercise your
lower legs. Try raising and lowering your heels while keeping your toes on the
floor, then raising your toes with your heels on the floor.

- Don't smoke. Smoking increases your risk of getting DVT.

- Exercise and manage your weight. Obesity is a risk factor for DVT. Regular
exercise lowers your risk of blood clots, which is especially important for people
who sit a lot or travel frequently.
Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory
process that causes a blood clot to form and
block one or more veins, usually in your
legs. The affected vein might be near the
surface of your skin (superficial
thrombophlebitis) or deep within a muscle
(deep vein thrombosis, or DVT). Causes
include trauma, surgery or prolonged
inactivity.
Thrombophlebitis
Symptoms

1- Superficial thrombophlebitis signs and symptoms include :-

-Warmth, tenderness and pain in the affected area
-Redness and swelling

2- Deep vein thrombosis signs and symptoms include:

-Pain
-Swelling
Causes

The cause of thrombophlebitis is a blood clot, which can form in

your blood as a result of :-

- An injury to a vein
- An inherited blood-clotting disorder
- Being immobile for long periods, such as during an injury or a
hospital stay
Risk factors
Your risk of thrombophlebitis increases if you:

- Are inactive for a prolonged period, either because you're confined to bed or you're traveling in
a car or plane for a long period
- Have varicose veins, which are a common cause of superficial thrombophlebitis
- Have a pacemaker or have a thin, flexible tube (catheter) in a central vein, for treatment of a
medical condition, which may irritate the blood vessel wall and decrease blood flow
- Are pregnant or have just given birth
- Use birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, which can make your blood more
likely to clot
- Have a family history of a blood-clotting disorder or a tendency to form blood clots
- Have had previous episodes of thrombophlebitis
- Have had a stroke
- Are older than 60
- Are overweight or obese
- Have cancer
- Smoke
Complications
Complications from superficial
thrombophlebitis are rare. However,
if you develop DVT, the risk of
serious complications increases.
Complications might include:

1- Pulmonary embolism.

2- Post-phlebetic syndrome
Pulmonary embolism. If part of a deep vein clot becomes
dislodged, it can travel to your lungs, where it can block an
artery (embolism) and become potentially life-threatening.

Post-phlebetic syndrome. This condition, also known as post-

thrombotic syndrome, can develop months or even years after
you've had DVT. Post-phlebetic syndrome can cause lasting and
possibly disabling pain, swelling, and a feeling of heaviness in
the affected leg.
Prevention
Sitting during a long flight or car ride can cause your ankles and
calves to swell and increases your risk of thrombophlebitis. To
help prevent a blood clot:

- Take a walk. If you're flying or riding a train or bus, walk up and

down the aisle once an hour or so. If you're driving, stop every
hour or so and move around.
- Move your legs regularly. Flex your ankles, or carefully press
your feet against the floor or footrest in front of you at least 10
times each hour.
- Drink plenty of water or other nonalcoholic fluids to avoid
dehydration.
Thrombosis and embolism trunk artery.

Thrombosis and embolism share many similarities, but they are unique
conditions. Thrombosis occurs when a thrombus, or blood clot, develops
in a blood vessel and reduces the flow of blood through the vessel.
Embolism occurs when a piece of a blood clot, foreign object, or other
bodily substance becomes stuck in a blood vessel and largely obstructs the
flow of blood.
Symptoms
The symptoms of thrombosis and embolism depend on the:

- type of blood vessel involved

- location
- impact on blood flow

Small thrombi and emboli that don’t significantly block blood vessels may
not cause symptoms. Around 50 percent Trusted Source of people with
DVT have no signs of the condition at all. However, large obstructions can
starve healthy tissues of blood and oxygen, causing inflammation and
eventually tissue death.
Diagnosis
There is no specific test used to diagnose thrombosis and embolism,
although duplex ultrasound, or the use of sound waves to create images of
flowing blood, is commonly used.
Other tests that may be used to help diagnose or assess abnormal blood
clots or obstructions include:
•magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans
•blood tests
•venography, when the blood clot is thought to be in a vein
•arteriogram, when the blockage is thought to be in an artery
•heart and lung functioning tests, such as arterial blood gasses or
ventilation perfusion lung scans
Treatment
In most cases, medical treatment depends on the type, extent, and location of
the blood clot or obstruction.
Common medical therapies used to treat thrombosis and embolism include:
•thrombolytic medications that help dissolve clots
•anticoagulant medications that make it harder for clots to form
•catheter-directed thrombolysis, which is surgery where a long tube, called a
catheter, delivers thrombolytic medications directly to the clot
•thrombectomy, or surgery to remove the clot
•inferior vena cava filters, or small bits of mesh surgically placed over the
clot to catch emboli and prevent them from spreading to the heart and then
the lungs
THE END