Referncing Guide

REFERNCING GUIDE
APA STYLE
 American Psychological Association (APA)
 Types of references:
 Within the text Citation
 reference list at the end of the paper.
 The reference list should be on a new page, double spaced, and use the
hanging indent method (all lines after the first one are indented).
Citations in the Text:
 APA uses the author-date method of citation.

 The last name (surname) of the author and the date of publication
are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
 When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author
and year. When quoting or summarizing a passage or paragraph,
include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.
 When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40
words, incorporate it into your text and use quotation marks. If a
direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free-
standing indented block of text and DO NOT use quotation
marks.
Examples:
1- ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR:
 In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...

OR
 In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children...
OR
 In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…
2- WORKS BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS:
 When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the
work in the text.
 When a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the first
time the reference occurs and then subsequently include only the first
author followed by et al. For example:
 First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that...
 Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
 For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of the first author followed by
et al. and the year.
3- WORKS BY NO IDENTIFIED AUTHOR:
 When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the
reference entry (usually the title).
 Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or
Web page.
 Italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report.
 For example:
 The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,”
2009).
 The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).
 Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, and
legislation like works with no author.
4- TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHETICAL
CITATION:
 Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in

the order they appear in the reference list (i.e., alphabetically, then
chronologically).
 Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990)
suggest that...
CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST:
 In general, references should contain:
 author name,
 publication date,
 title,
 publication information.
 Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.

For information obtained electronically
or online include the DOI:
 DOI - a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and
provide a persistent link to its location on the internet.
 The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal
article near the copyright notice.
 When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is
needed.
 Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx
 Example:
 Journal Article with DOI:
 Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory &
Cognition, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
If no DOI has been given:
 If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home
page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher.
 Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines;
do not add a period after a URL, to prevent the impression that
the period is part of the URL.
 In general, it is not necessary to include database information.
 Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material has
changed over time.
Examples:
 Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available):
 Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal
of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.
 Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied
Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo
Examples:
 Book:
 Strunk, W.,
Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then
some more stuff. New York, NY: Macmillan.
 Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain-compatible learning (3rd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
 Chapter of a Book:
 Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A.
Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide
to acculturation and ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.
 Online Newspaper Articles:
 Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap conservation's rewards. The New
York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
 Encyclopedia Articles:
 Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New York, NY: Wiley.
 Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia of child development.
Retrieved from http://0-
www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/cupchilddev/developmen
tal_genetics
 Technical and Research Reports (often with corporate authors)
 Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Report. Retrieved
from http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm
 Book Reviews:
 Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling knowing? [Review
of the book Models of cognitive development, by K. Richardson]. American
Journal of Psychology, 114, 126-133.
 Data Sets:
 Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons national consumer survey
[Data file]. New York, NY: Author.
 Blog post:
 Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of the ones in the
middle. [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/2009/1/23.php
 Website with no author or date of publication:
 Census data revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2009, from Harvard, Psychology of
Population website, http://harvard.edu/data/index.php
 Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change
over time. If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the
homepage URL.
 Reprint from Another Source:
 Citation in the text: (Newton, 1998/1999).
 Reference List Citation:

 Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp. 32-
41). New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26,
August 1998).
 In this example of a reprinted book review, the author of the book is
named first, followed by the editor of the reprinting source, then the
reviewer. In your parenthetical citation, it is necessary to name the author
of the book, while the reviewer is named to distinguish from other reviews
of this book.

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REFERNCING GUIDE

 American Psychological Association (APA)

 APA uses the author-date method of citation.

1- ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR:

 In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...

 Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in

 Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.

 Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available):

 Reference List Citation:

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