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Functions and Line in Coordinate: University of Kirkuk Civil Engineering Department 1 Stage, 1 Semster

This document defines functions and linear functions in coordinate geometry. It discusses: 1) The definition of a function as a rule that assigns elements from one set to another set, with the inputs as the domain and outputs as the range. 2) Cartesian coordinates using two perpendicular number lines (x and y axes) to locate points in a plane, with positive and negative directions defined. 3) The slope of a line as "rise over run", and how slope relates to whether a line goes uphill or downhill as x increases. Parallel and perpendicular lines are also discussed in relation to slope. 4) Angles of inclination, where the slope is equal to the tangent of the angle of inclination

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Mohammed O Ibrahim
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27 views

Functions and Line in Coordinate: University of Kirkuk Civil Engineering Department 1 Stage, 1 Semster

This document defines functions and linear functions in coordinate geometry. It discusses: 1) The definition of a function as a rule that assigns elements from one set to another set, with the inputs as the domain and outputs as the range. 2) Cartesian coordinates using two perpendicular number lines (x and y axes) to locate points in a plane, with positive and negative directions defined. 3) The slope of a line as "rise over run", and how slope relates to whether a line goes uphill or downhill as x increases. Parallel and perpendicular lines are also discussed in relation to slope. 4) Angles of inclination, where the slope is equal to the tangent of the angle of inclination

Uploaded by

Mohammed O Ibrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Kirkuk
Civil Engineering Department
1st Stage ,1st Semster
Lecture

Functions and Line in


coordinate
Definition
• Functions: is any rule that assigns to each element in one set
some element from another set
y = f( x )
The inputs make up the domain of the function , and the outputs make up
the function's range.
The variable x is called independent variable of the function , and the
variable y whose value depends on x is called the dependent variable of the
function .
We must keep two restrictions in mind when we define functions :
1. We never divide by zero .
2. We will deal with real value functions only.
• Coordinates for the plane (2D) :
- Cartesian Coordinate- Two number lines , one of them horizontal (called x-axis ) and the other
vertical ( called y-axis ). The point where the lines cross is the origin . Each line is assumed to
represent the real number .
• On the x-axis , the positive number a lies to the right of the origin , and the negative number –a lies
to the left of the origin .
• On the y-axis , the positive number lies above the origin while the negative where –b lies below
the origin .

P(a,b) Represent a point in


Cartesian coordinate
Linear Function of a Line
- The slope of a line

  𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝑶𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝒎=
𝒓𝒖𝒏

A line that goes uphill as x increases has a positive slope . A line that goes downhill as x
increases has a negative slope .
- A horizontal line has slope zero because ∆y = 0 .
- The slope of a vertical line is undefined because ∆x = 0 .
- Parallel lines have same slope .
- If neither of two perpendicular lines L1 and L2 is vertical , their slopes
m1 and m2 are related by the equation : m1 . m2 = -1
Where m = slope of a line
Angles of Inclination
• Angles of Inclination: The angle of inclination of a line that crosses the x-axis is the
smallest angle we get when we measure counter clock from the x-axis around the
point of intersection .The slope of a line is the tangent of the line angle of
inclination .
m = tan Ф where Ф is the angle of inclination .
- The angle of inclination of a horizontal line is taken to be zero.
- Parallel lines have equal angle of inclination .

rise

run
- Line equation : is an equation that is satisfied by the coordinates of the points
that lies on the line and is not satisfied by the coordinates of the points that lie
elsewhere .
- slope equation of the line through the point ( x1 , y1 ) with slope m is

y – y1 = m ( x – x1 )
-The distance from a point to a line: we can calculate the distance (d)
between any two points like P(x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) by using this
formula:

-But To find the distance from the point P( x1, y1 ) to the line L , we
follow these steps
m
  (, )=,)
Example

Solution:

Example
Example: find:

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