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3-Questionnaire & Code Book

1) The document discusses various aspects of designing and coding questionnaires for data collection, including defining data, types of data collection tools, and structure of questionnaires. 2) It describes different types of questions that can be used in questionnaires like open-ended, closed-ended, contingency, and scales. It also discusses how to select and code responses for questions. 3) The key aspects of ensuring high quality questionnaires are discussed, including validity, reliability, pre-testing questionnaires in pilot studies, and carefully coding responses for analysis in statistical software.

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Muhammad Asif
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61 views32 pages

3-Questionnaire & Code Book

1) The document discusses various aspects of designing and coding questionnaires for data collection, including defining data, types of data collection tools, and structure of questionnaires. 2) It describes different types of questions that can be used in questionnaires like open-ended, closed-ended, contingency, and scales. It also discusses how to select and code responses for questions. 3) The key aspects of ensuring high quality questionnaires are discussed, including validity, reliability, pre-testing questionnaires in pilot studies, and carefully coding responses for analysis in statistical software.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Asif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Questionnaire Designing & Coding

(Lecture#3)

TIMES INSTITUTE MULTAN


DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
What is data?
• Any raw information!

• For example??
Types of Data

Primary Secondary
Data Data
How do we collect data??
Data Collection Tools

Observation/Checklist

Interview

Questionnaire
Questionnaire
• It is a formalized set of questions for collection
of information
• How it is different from interview
schedule/guide
• Questions can be
 Open ended
 Close ended
 Contingency and partial open
Continue
Contingency Questions
Continue
• Partial open questions

• Example??
Another Type of Question!
• The reason (s) for diabetes: (Tick as many as
possible):
1) High intake of sugar
2) Depression
3) Genes (transfer from parents)
Administering you questionnaire!
• Self-administered

• Interview-administered

• And…?
Structure of questionnaire!
• Section A-Independent variables

• Section B-Outcome variable/s

 These can be taken as a single question or


group of questions called “scale”
Uni-Dimensional Vs. Multi-Dimensional
Scales
• Unidimensional scales measure one aspect

• Multidimensional constructs consist of two or


more underlying dimensions

• For instance, if we conceptualize a person’s


quality of health on basis of different domains
like physical, psychological and social
Attitudinal Scales
• Attitude scales provide a quantitative
measurement of attitudes, opinions or values

• Thurstone scale-dichotomous
• Guttman scale-cumulative
• Likert Scale
Likert Scales
• Bad Question: How short was Napoleon?
• Good Question: How would you describe Napoleon’s
height?
• Bad Question: Should concerned parents use infant
car seats?
• Good Question: What concerned parents can do to
safe their child in a car?
• Bad Question: How satisfied are you with the pay and
work benefits of your job?
• Good Question:??
• Bad Question: Do you feel you have psychiatric
disorder?
• Good Question:??
Characteristics of Good Questions
Simple and clear

Should not be sensitive

Precise and short

Should not be leading

Should not be double barreled


Selecting a Questionnaire
• Adopting a pre-existing questionnaire

• Adapting a pre-existing questionnaire

• Creating a new questionnaire


• Principal Component Analysis
Validity & Reliability (Scale)
• Validity
Denotes the extent to which an instrument is
measuring what it is supposed to measure

• Reliability
• It is the consistency of measurements
Validity
• Is the research providing answers to the questions for
which we are doing it?

• Is our questionnaire measuring what we think we are


measuring?

• But..who will decide standards for above mentioned


questions???
• Definitely we will need subject specialists
Face Validity
• Do you feel sleep disturbance?
• Do you ever feel anxiety?
• Do you feel uncomfortable with unknown people?

• What type of research topic would it cover?..Can you


guess?
Content validity
• It is the adequacy of coverage of the content
area being measured
• It is the degree to which the items/questions are
representative of characteristics (construct)
being tested

• Questionnaire to assess knowledge about


Primary prevention regarding eye health??
Reliability
• Reliability means precision of measurements

• A reliable measure provides precise results that


can be expected to remain reasonably stable if
the measurement is repeated with same subject
Internal Consistency
• When you are selecting scales to include in
your study, it is important to find scales that
are reliable
• SPSS calculates it in the form of Cronbach’s
alpha

• (to be continue in upcoming sessions)


Importance of Pilot Study
• A pilot study is one of the important stages in
a research project
• It is conducted to identify potential problem
areas and deficiencies in the research
instruments
• Mostly 10% of calculated sample size
• It is also done to check reliability through
Cronbach alpha
Coding Responses of Questions!
Continue
• SPSS understands ONLY digits
• We have to transform responses of questions
into digits

• It needs careful decision especially when


coding for outcome variable..why??
An Example-Measuring PTSD
• Do you have memories about anything that
happened in past? (0/1/2)
• Do you have negative feelings about yourself?
(0/1/2)
• Do you have control over your negative
thoughts? (0/1/2)

 never (0)/sometimes (1)/always(2)


An Example of Code Book
Interpreting your scale
• Consider a scale measuring you’re an outcome
with the help of ten questions; each with 5-
item response
• Taking it as quantitative

• Taking it as qualitative
 Median as cut-off
 Standard cut-offs
A Good Questionnaire with Perfect Coding
brings out“True Evidence”

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