EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
BY
VARISA SASIBHUSHANARAO (Ph.D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING,
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE
TECHNOLOGIES - SRIKAKULAM
EMBEDDE SYSTMES
Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software
that designed to do specific function/functions.
”Controller of a Larger system”
CHARACTERISTICS
Sophisticated functionality
Real time operation
Application dependence processor
Restricted memory
Low power consumption
Dedicated system
Low manufacturing cost
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Similar to general Computing
Personal Digital Assistant, Video games, set top boxes, ATM
Control Systems
Flight control, Nuclear reactor, vehicle engines
Signal processing
Radar, Sonar, DVD players
Communication and networking
Cellular
BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE:
IMPLEMENTING EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
HARDWARE
Processing elements
Peripherals
Input and output devices
Interfacing sensors and actuators
Interfacing protocols
Memory
Bus
SOFTWARE
System Software-Used for operating computer hardware and installed on computer when
operating system is installed.
Application Software-used by user to perform specific task and installed according to the
requirements of user.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF PROCESSOR
Program Flow Control Unit (CU)
Execution Unit (EU)
Types of Processors
General Purpose Processor (GPP)
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Embedded Processor
Digital Signal Processor
Media Processor
Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
Application Specific Instruction Processors (ASIPs)
GPP core(s) or ASIP core(s) on either an Application Specific Integrated
Circuit (ASIC) or a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuit.
EMBEDDED HARDWARE
Embedded hardware is used for processing of input to produce output in
task specific fashion
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLERS
PIC micro-controller
ARM micro-controller
What is microcontroller?
Microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of
components of a microprocessor system onto a single microchip.
A microcontroller combines on to the same microchip:
The CPU Core
Memory(RAM&ROM)
Parallel Digital I/O and more
COMPONENTS OF MICROCONTROLLER
Timer Module
To allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for a
certain time period
Serial I/O Port
To allow data to flow between the microcontroller and other devices
Analogue to Digital Converter(ADC)
To allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for
processing
Why Microcontroller?
Low cost, Small packaging
Low power consumption
Programmable, Re-programmable
I/O Capabilities
Easy integration with circuits
For applications in which cost, power and area are critical
Single purpose
Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
von neumann
• Von Neumann architercture is based on the stored-program
computer,where instruction data and program data are stored
in the same memory.
• so same buses are used to fetch instructions and data,cpu not
able to perform both together(read a instruction and read/write
data).This is called bottleneck of Von Neumann
• Stored Program Computer-can be programmed to carry out
many different tasks,applicatons are stored on them.
• Consists of CPU,ALU,Memory Unit,RegisterS,I/O.
Harvard Architecture
Harvard
• Digtial computer architecutre whose design is based on the
concept where there are seperate storage and seperate buses
for instruction and data.
• It was bascially developed to overcome the bottleneck of Von
Neumann architecture.So CPU can access instruction and
read/write data at same time.
CISC-COMPLEX INSTUCTION SET COMPUTER
This CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of
instructions per programm but at the cost of increase in
number of cycles per instruction
The main idea is that a single instruction will do all
loading,evaluating and storing operations
A Large number of instructions each carrying out a different
permutation of the same operation
CISC
Different instructions of different Length
Different Addressing modes
Requires multiple cycles for execution
Less number of general purposes registers as operation get
performed in memory itself.
Instructions are larger than word size.
“CISC AND RISC is to improve CPU performance.”
RISC-REDUCED INSTUCTION SET COMPUTER
Reduced the cycles per instructions at the cost of the number of
instructions per program.
Instructions for simple operations that can be executed in a single cycle
Each instruction is of fixed length
Facilitates Instruction pipelining
Large general purpose instruction set
Can contain data or address
Load-store Architecture
No memory access for data processing instructions
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
Peripheral Interface Controller
PIC’s are “RISC”
Have few instructions(<50)
Execute 1 instruction with 1 internal clock cycle
The PIC Family Packages:
PICs comes in huge variety of packages:
8pin : 12c50x(12-bit),12c67x(14-bit)
14pin : 16c5x(12-bit),16cxxx(14-bit)
28pin : 16c5x(12-bit),16cxxx(14-bit)
40 pin : 16cxxx(12-bit),17c4x(16-bit)
44-68 pin: 16cxxx(12-bit),17c4x(16-bit)
FAMILIES OF 8-BIT PIC MICROCONTROLLERS
BASE LINE PIC
MID-RANGE PIC
ENHANCED MID-RANGE PIC
PIC 18
BASE LINE PIC
Least complex PIC controller
12-bit instruction architecture
Smallest and less cost PIC
Available with 6 to 40 pin packaging
Replaced the traditional IC’s like 555,Logic gates etc..
Include the PIC10F family and proportion of the PIC12 and
PIC16 families.
MID-RANGE PIC
Small Package footprints
14-bit instruction architecture
Work up to 20MHz frequency
Available with 8 to 64 pin packaging
Available with different peripherals:
ADC,PWM,OP-AMPS and different communication protocols
like UART,SPI,12C(TWI)
Includes PIC 12 and PIC 16 families
Available with FLASH and OTP program memory options
The flash produces an operating voltage range of 2v-5.5v
ENHANCED MID-RANGE PIC
Enhanced version of Mid-range type core
Provides additional performance
Greatest Flash memory
High speed at less power consumption
Includes multiple peripherals and support protocols:
USART,SPI and 12C etc..
PIC 18
16-bit instruction architecture
The highest performer in the all 8-bit PIC families
Available with 18-80 pin package options
10MIPS operating performance
Integrated with new age protocols:
USB, CAN, IAN, Ethernet
Two stage instruction pipeline
Supports the connectivity of human interface devices:
Segmented LCDs and mTOUCH sensing
PIC 8-BIT FAMILIES
