THE
SPIRITUA
L SELF
Prepared by:
John David I. Romasanta
John Aerol Rago
CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE
This chapter discuss the different world religions, the beliefs of early
Filipinos on different gods and goddesses, superstitious beliefs, beliefs in faith
healer, soul and spirit and how those beliefs was changed since the Spanish and
American colonization. It also discuss the different rituals, ceremonies, the
practice of religion, magic and witchcraft and also finding and creating the
meaning of life.
01 introduction
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section
02 presentation
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03 analysis
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04 conclusion
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section
The practice of religion:
belief in supernatural being
and power
According to Giddens (2006), religion is a cultural system
of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide a sense
of ultimate meaning by creating an idea of reality that is
sacred, all-encompassing and supernatural.
KEY ELEMENTS OF RELIGION
(a) religion is a form of culture-shares (b) Religion involves beliefs that take
all characteristics of culture such as the form of ritualized practices – all
shared beliefs, values that create an members engage in behaviors that
identity, identify them as members of the
community, and
(c) religion provides a sense of
purpose feeling that life is ultimately
meaningful.
Durkheim (1912) defined religion as a unified system
of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things,
things set-apart and forbidden beliefs and practices
which unite into one single moral community called a
Church, all those who adhere to them.
● Philippines is the only Christian country in the South East Asia.
Filipinos show their religiosity through participating on different
religious practices such as baptism, fiestas, “sinakulo,” prayer,
fellowship, communion, and other activities related to church.
● Before the Spanish colonization, Filipinos believed in animism, a
belief that all objects have spirits. They also believed in supernatural
being.
According to McClenon (1991), the concept of supernatural has been
shaped by the Western notion of nature and causality and it is culturally
specific.
Filipinos praised the trees, plants,
sun, moon, stars and other living
and non-living things. They also
praised the spirit of their
ancestors, which is called “cult of
the dead.” They believed on the
immortality of the soul. An
evidence of this is the
Manunungul Jar where the
remains of the dead were kept.
This image shows the belief of life
after death by early Filipinos.
The memories of the dead are remained
through carving their image using gold
and stone. This is called “larawan” or
“likha” in Tagalog, “diwata” in Bisaya
and “bul-ol” in Ifugao. They also
offered sacrifices and prayers for
guidance, sympathy and beseech. Not
all “anitos” are good, there are few
who are evil.
The priestess which is also called as “baylan,”
“babaylan,” or “katalona” does the ritual or
offering. Early Filipinos practiced polytheism, a
belief in many gods, which was brought by the early
Chinese and Indian merchants. Some of their gods
are Bathala, the Almighty God, Agni, God of Fire,
Mandarangan, God o War, Sidapa, God of Death,
Lalahon, God of Harvest, and Siginarugan, God of
Hell. These beliefs are passed orally to the next
generation.
• However, there were some changes on the beliefs of the early Filipinos when the
Spaniards brought Christianity in the archipelago. The changes were not
immediate because early beliefs are already practiced in the country. What the
Spaniards did was, they adopted the Christianity in the belief of Filipinos on
animism. Monotheism was introduced by Spaniards, a belief in only God, which
has three personas, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit.
According to the Holy Bible, they already existed before the creation of the
world. God the Father sent his son, Jesus Christ to save humanity, which
whoever believes in Him should not perish but have an eternal life. When Jesus
Christ died and rose after three days, the holy spirit was left in humanity which
serves as the conscience that guides the human beings in doing right things and
avoiding committing sins.
Not all tribes are converted into Christianity, some of them remained in
their animism beliefs. At present, where modern technology is part of the
lives of Filipinos, there are some who are still following and practicing the
superstitious beliefs.
According to Daskeo (2012), many Filipinos still spice their life with
superstitious beliefs that they strongly believe could help them cope with
day to day activities especially most important events in life such as
marriage, finding a job, and moving to a new house.
The Concept of “Dungan” (Spirit or Soul)
o If a person bites their tongue, it means somebody is thinking of them;
o A girl with shite spots on her fingernails is inconstant in love;
o It is bad to sweep the floor at six o’clock in the evening for it means driving away good
fortune and graces
o One should not open an umbrella while inside a house; a centipede is likely to fall from
the ceiling;
o If a pregnant woman sews her dress while wearing it, her baby will born without hole in
the rectum;
o Appearance of a comet foretells war
The Concept of “Dungan” (Spirit or
Soul)
The Concept of “Dungan” (Spirit or Soul)
● The term animism is one of the oldest beliefs which is taken from the
Latin word Anima meaning breath or soul. Animism is the belief that
everything in nature – living things like trees, plants, and even non-living
rocks or streams – have their own spirit or divinity. Animism beliefs are
still present, accepted and never entirely disappeared.
● The soul according to the indigenous Filipinos is known as Kaluluwa,
Ikararuwa or kararuwa. It is taken from the root word duwa which means
two. The soul has two parts – one is the physical part, where it is connected
to the body and its life, and other spiritual, where it exists on its own.
● For Ibanags, the soul is the principle of life in man. Body is the matter;
soul is the form. As long as the body and soul are one unit, man is alive.
The Concept of “Dungan” (Spirit or Soul)
● While the Dungan is travelling outside of the body it should be free from
accidents because there is a possibility that it might be trapped in a jar or be
poured out with liquid from a vessel. When the soul has safety returned
home to the body of its owner, they could then be awakened.
● It is for this reason that the Dungan needs protection and nurture. Soul
nature, the folks believe, means the performance of age-old spirit rituals
many of which are still followed in the local provinces today. Examples of
these are birth, illness and death rituals consisting of trances,
The Concept of “Dungan” (Spirit or Soul)
● Death is the separation of the soul from the body. The body cannot stay
alive without the soul. But the soul can live without the body. Freed from
the body, it ceases to experience thirst and hunger, cold and heat. As spirit,
the soul is the opposite of the body which is matter.
● The Dungan may leave the body voluntarily while the person is asleep
according to BIsayans. Among the ancient Filipinos, when the person is
asleep they should not be awakened quickly in order to give ample time for
the Dungan to return to the body.
Religion, Spirituality, Magic,
Witchcraft and Identity
The Function of Rituals
● Ritual traditions of Filipinos are best understood in terms of their intentions.
At the core of any ritual, balance between man and nature, and the spirit world
is very important. Rituals is an attempt to enhance and maintain this balance.
● This is evident in some villages which perform rituals to restore the state of
affairs when the balance is lost. Human nature are innumerable reasons for
causing a shift in this balance. There are equally innumerable rituals that can be
done to correct the imbalance. This is the reason for having a broad range of
ritual practices in the Philippines (Obusan, 2015).
● Rituals have several functions. There are rituals to have a good harvest, ask
for the guidance and protection from their ancestors and unseen forces, to heal
the sick, to bring good luck and to conceive.
The Function of Rituals
● Like in the case of Ifugao. They have rituals for marriage. If the two couples
are planning to tie the knot, they will ask guidance from their ancestors. The
butcher opens the body of a sacrificial pig and they examine if the internal
organs of the pig are healthy or not. If it is healthy, they have the approval to tie
the knot this year, if not, they may try again in the following year. The purpose
of this ritual is to study the carcass for omens that guides them in their decision
like marriage.
● Dance and chants are a very essential part of their ritual. Rituals are usually
accompanied by dances. It is the higher symbolic form for the Filipino. It
represents the distillation of collective memory, affect, religious piety, humility,
and purity of intention. Even a complex message can be articulated or maybe
understood through dance (Obusan 2015).
Rituals and Ceremonies
Rituals and Ceremonies
● Magos (1997), discussed the mara-it or dangerous zone of Panay Island.
According to her, Panaynon believes in spirit beings in the sea like siokoy
(half man, half fish sea monster) and the mangingilaw (half man, half
monkey man eating monster) forest which are very harmful. They also
believe that the earth and the universe has a layered structure with spirit
beings live in each layer.
● Lupan-on are spirits beings who live on land, the idalmunon are spirit beings
who live underneath the surface of the earth and the tubignon are spirit
beings who live in water. These folks remind them that the earth is sacred,
inhabited by the spirit and thus dangerous. If Panaynon uses the earth's
resources with discourtesy or greed, they will make the spirits angry. There
are necessary fishing and farming rites to be performed regularly to gain the
Rituals and Ceremonies
● People of Zambales also conduct a ritual in building their house. According to the
official website of the Provincial Government of Zambales, residents of this province
perform rituals before building a house. The ritual starts with choosing which day is
specified in the Pilaton as a good day to start the project.
● According to Ms. Cristeta Acebes, principal of Uyugan Elementary School (2012),
“pilaton,” refers to a list of dates, including the phases of the moon, that would ensure
the success of any major undertaking or activity of residents in the province. The second
step is burying coins in the first hole during laying of foundation. Fresh animal blood is
allowed to be dropped in the same place. On the day set to roof the house, relatives,
neighbours and friends usually come to help. Those who cannot perform actual
construction work normally offer akhad (anything that can be served or cooked as food)
or tudung (drinks, usually wine) (Provincial Government of Zambales).
Religion, Magic, and
Witchcraft
Religion
● Religion came from the Latin word religion means to respect or care for. It is generally defined as; “belief in,
worship of, or obedience to a supernatural power or powers considered to be divine or to have control of
human destiny."
● According to Santrock (2014), religion is an organized set of beliefs practices, rituals and symbols that increases
an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, ultimate truth).
● It may also be referred to as an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, rules used to worship god. Another
description for religion is, an interest, a belief, or an activity deemed to be of utmost importance to a person or
group.
● Religiousness is the degree by which one is affiliated with an organized religion in terms of the person’s
participation in the prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs and involvement with its
community of believers.
● Spirituality, on the other hand, involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and
living in a way that benefits others and society. It could be related to a search for the sacred.
● The term “sacred” may signify a person, an object, a principle, or a concept that transcends the self. The sacred
can include a divine being or a divine object that is “set apart” and considered as holy or beyond ordinary. The
reference to what religion is, also refers to the dynamics of the meaning attached to spirituality. It emerges as
people relate to the developmental and existential challenges of the search for the meaning of existence
amidst the ambiguity of life.
● Spiritual identity is the persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate questions about the nature, purpose and
meaning of life. It results in behavior that are consonant with the individual’s core
MAGIC
● Magic is the power apparently influencing the course of events by using mysterious or supernatural forces. It is the ability to use supernatural
forces to make impossible things happen, such as making people disappear or controlling events in nature.
● A magician is usually a worker in the kind of magic that is on the whole public and good, whereas a sorcerer is generally considered an evil
figure, one who deals in matters that his or her clients would rather keep secret and one whose work may be downright antisocial (Frankle
and Stein, 2005).
● A sorcerer is translated from the Greek word pharmakos, and carries with it the idea of medicine, magic potion, drugs, and poison. A wizard is
one who is thought to be acquired with the secrets of the nonmaterial or unseen world while a necromancer is one who is “seeking unto the
dead”. It is a term that includes all forms of attempt to make contact with departed spirits.
● Balang is the Filipino term for a sorcerer. It is used to describe malignant sorcery or familiar spirits (usually a swarm of destructive insects,
specially carnivorous beetles). In the Philippines, it swarms small invisible insects residing in bamboos that enter the body through open
space causing the intestine, stomach, lungs, and liver to swell during high tides and shrink during low tides. Mambabarang is a person who
practices this specific type of sorcery or witchcraft. Binarang is the target (usually a person) of sorcery or witchcraft.
● Kulam is the Tagalog word for “voodoo” or “witchcraft”. It is one of the most well-known aspects of Philippine folklore. The fear of kulam
usually has an effect on how a person conducts himself in the community and on how people treat each other in a community. A
mangkukulam is a person who uses black magic or spells on a victim. After the spell is cast, the victim will experience a form of illness
which cannot be cured by modern medicine, misfortunes to himself and loved ones, inability to concentrate, lack of sleep, loss of appetite,
freak accidents, and other unexplained events.
● Albulario/mananambal is a Filipino practitioner of traditional medicine; he is also a medicine man who is also capable of performing sorcery.
Albulario is a Filipino witch doctor, folk healer or medicine man. When the person feels that his ailments and misfortunes are caused by
kulam, he consults an albulario who performs rituals in order to defeat the spells of the mangkukulan and bring the person back to normalcy.
● Most Filipinos aside from being a superstitious people believe in the mythical creatures of local folklore which includes the aswang,
manananggal, kapre, dwende, sirena, syokoy, engkanto, sigbin, tikbalang, tianak and many others. According to local folklore such creatures
inhabit dark forest and unexplored regions of barrios in the provinces. Each region has their own mythical creature which usually comes out
in the night looking for food in the form: fresh blood, pregnant mothers (they target the fetus), and human organs like the liver or for victims
to take them into the other world.
Finding and Creating
Meaning
● Everybody is experiencing different challenges and problems in life. Some have
common problems, but some do not. Some have different strategies in solving the
same problems. There are some who are good at hiding their problems or sufferings.
Some people may think their problems are bigger than the problems of others.
However, when they ask some people or have an open forum, they will realize that
they are wrong. There are other people who have bigger and more difficult problems
than them.
● Viktor Frankl an Austrian neurologist and psychologist founded Logotherapy.
Logotherapy is based on the premise that the human person is motivated by a “will to
meaning,” an inner pull to find a meaning in life (Frankl 1988). Finding and creating
meaning in life is what Viktor Frankl would like to teach to everybody.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LOGOTHERAPHY
1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones.
2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.
3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or at least in the stand we
take when
faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering.
According to Frankl, everybody can discover the meaning in their life in three different
ways:
1. By creating a work or doing a deed
2. By experiencing something or encountering someone
3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering and that everything can be taken from a
man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one's attitude in any given set of
circumstances
METHODOLOGY
STEP 01 STEP 02 STEP 03 STEP 04
Jupiter is a gas giant and Venus has a beautiful Despite being red, Mars Neptune is the fourth-
the biggest planet in our name and is the second is actually a cold place. largest planet in our
Solar System planet from the Sun It’s full of iron oxide Solar System
dust
SCHEDULE
25 26 27 28 29 30 1
Week 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Week 2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Week 3
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Week 4
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Week 5
RESULTS ANALYSIS
Judaism Islam Christianity Buddhism
ASIA EUROPE AFRICA AMERICA
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test
a b c a b c
01 04
02 05
03 06
CONCLUSIONS
Venus has a beautiful name Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars is
and is the second planet planet to the Sun and the actually a cold place. It’s
from the Sun. It’s terribly smallest one in our Solar full of iron oxide dust
hot System
A B C
RESULTS ANALYSIS
33%
Christianity
20%
Islam
13%
Hinduism
34%
Others
3,000,000
people go to Mass in Spain each Sunday
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