Ecosystem: Life and Energy: By: Trisha Vinch D. Navarce

ECOSYSTEM: LIFE
AND ENERGY
BY: TRISHA VINCH D. NAVARCE
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DO HUMANS MAKE THEIR OWN
FOOD?
DO PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN
FOOD?
NUTRITIONAL CLASSFICATION OF ORGANISMS
AUTOTROPHS
PLANTS
ALGAE
CYANOBACTERIA
HOW DO PLANTS MAKE THEIR
OWN FOOD?
Photosynt
hesis
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A LEAF
EPIDERMIS (UPPER Protects the Leaves through
AND LOWER) their waxy cuticle
PALISADE
Has the most number of chloroplasts and is
MESOPHYLL therefore the site of the highest
photosynthesis
SPONGY Facilitate gas and water exchange

MESOPHYLL through the air spaces
transporting vessels of manufactured food

VASCULAR BUNDLE and water
Serves as entryway of CO2 and exit point of

STOMATA
O2
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF
THE CHLOROPLAST
Lamella
CHLOROPLAST Separates the contents of the Chloroplast
MEMBRANES from the rest of the cells
GRANUM
Stack of Thylakoids
(plural: Grana)
Site of Light-Dependent Reaction of

THYLAKOID Photosynthesis where the Chlorophyll is
specifically found in its membranes
The area of space between the Grana of
STROMA Thylakoids and the Chloroplast Membranes
which contains the appropriate enzymes and
has the appropriate pH for
Light-Independent Reaction of Photosynthesis
(Calvin Cycle)
Extended structure of a Thylakoid which

LAMELLA Connects the Thylakoid of one granum
to another
CHLOROPHYLL
• It is located inside the chloroplast, within the thylakoid
membrane’s photosystems
• Specific Chlorophyll pigments in Photosynthesis are P680 found

in Photosystem II and P700 found in Photosystem I
• It’s role in photosynthesis is the absorption of light
• Absorbs RED and BLUE light
• Reflects GREEN light

(Therefore making plants appear color green)
THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHEMICAL EQUATION
LIGHT ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY
THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAS TWO STAGES

THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHEMICAL EQUATION
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHEMICAL EQUATION
LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
THE LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTION
• Occurs within the Thylakoid membranes
• Makes use of Chlorophyll for the absorption of Light
• Uses raw materials such as Sunlight and Water (H2O) to produce

Oxygen, ATP and NADPH as products
• Oxygen is liberated into the environment while ATP and NADPH

are used for the Dark Reaction
• Can be further divided into Non-Clylic Photophosphorylation(Uses

water) and Cylic Photophosphorylation (Does not use water)
THE LIGHT REACTION
NON-CYLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
THE LIGHT REACTION
CYLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
ELECTRON EXCITATION Chlorophyll P680 in PS II absorbs light and
energizes an electron
(PSII)
A carrier molecule transports the electron out and

ELECTRON TRANSPORT down the electron transport chain to PSI
Energy released from the movement of electron

HYDROGEN ION
from a higher to a lower state makes the hydrogen
MOVEMENT ions from the stroma enter the thylakoid lumen
A water molecule is split (2 e-, 2 H+, 1 O2) to replace

PHOSPHOLYSIS OF
the electron on PSII and at the same time liberating
WATER oxygen into the atmosphere.
ELECTRON EXCITATION Chlorophyll P700 in PS I absorbs light and
energizes an electron
(PSI)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT A carrier molecule transports the electron towards

an electron acceptor
The electron is accepted by NADP+ thus reducing

NADP+ REDUCTION TO
itself to NADPH. The electron used is replaced by
NADPH the electron given by PSII
The accumulation of Hyodrgen ions moves out of

the thylakoid lumen back to the stroma through the
ATP SYSNTHESIS ATP synthase transmembrance protein because of
the electrochemical gradient. As it does, ATP is
produced from ADP and Phosphate through the
process of chemiosmosis
THE LIGHT-INDEPENDENT
REACTION
• AKA The Dark Reaction or the Calvin Cycle
• Occurs within the Stroma of the Chloroplast
• It does not make use of Chlorophyll
• Uses raw materials such as CO2 from the atmosphere and ATP
• and NADPH from the Light Reaction to Sugar
THE CALVIN CYCLE
CARBON FIXATION A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon
acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
(RuBP). This step makes a six-carbon compound
that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon
compound, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This
reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP
carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco.
In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to
REDUCTION convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a
three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P). This stage gets its name because NADPH
donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon
intermediate to make G3P.
Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while

others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP
REGENERATION acceptor. Regeneration requires ATP and involves a
complex network of reactions.
SUMMARY OF THE CALVIN CYCLE
REACTANTS AND PROUCTS
Cycle CO2 RuBP 3-PGA G3P ADP NADP
1 1 1 2 2 3 2
2 2 2 4 4 6 4
3 3 3 6 6 9 6
It takes three cycles to produce 6 G3Ps that will allow one to be made into
glucose while the remaining five are used to regenerate RuBP
ADP is taking into account 2 ADPs produced from Reduction and 1 ADP
produced from Regeneration per cycle
Because G3P is a 3-carbon atom, an additional 3 cycles must be made to

make a new G3P that can be utilized for glucose formation.
1 1 1 2 2 3 2
2 2 2 4 4 6 4
3 3 3 6 6 9 6
4 4 4 8 8 12 8
5 5 5 10 10 15 10
6 6 6 12 12 18 12
After 6 cycles, you now have 12 G3Ps. Two of these G3Ps will be used to
make 1 molecule of the 6-carbon sugar, glucose. The remaining ten G3Ps
will be used to regenerate the six molecules of the 5-carbon molecule,
RuBP used.
1 1 1 2 2 3 2
2
3
Factors Affecting
2
3
2
3
4
6
4
6
6
9
4
6
the Rate of
4 4 4 8 8 12 8
5 5 5 10 10 15 10
6 6 6 12 12 18 12
Photosynthesis
There are now 12 3GPs available. Two of these will be made to form the
6-carbon sugar Glucose, While the remaining ten G3Ps (Containing 3 Carbons
each x 10 = 30 Carbons) will be used to regenerate the six pieces of the
5-carbon molecule, RuBP.
Rate of Photosynthesis
DEFINITION
• Gross measure of the rate at which a plant captures radiant energy
and fixes it in organic carbon compounds.
• Measured by the amount of glucose produced by a plant over time

The Rate of Photosynthesis is
mainly affected by three factors:
INTENSITY OF LIGHT
TEMPERATURE
AVAILABILITY OF RAW
MATERIALS
INTENSITY OF LIGHT
Light provides the energy for Photosynthesis. When more light

is available, then the rate of Photosynthesis increases. However,
when light intensity reaches such a high value that the other
factors such as temperature and carbon dioxide becoming
limiting, the rate of Photosynthesis will stop increasing and will
reach a plateau.
AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS
CO2 is one of the raw materials for Photosynthesis. When more CO2 is available, then the rate
of Photosynthesis increases. However, when CO2 levels reaches such a high value that the
other factors such as light intensity and temperature becoming limiting, the rate of
Photosynthesis will stop increasing and will reach a plateau.
H2O will affect photosynthesis indirectly as its shortage will cause the stomata to close and
therefore prevent CO2 from entering.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis by acting on the

enzymes involved in the chemical reactions that take place in the
process. Enzyme activity is directly proportional to the temperature until
it reaches a point where it will denature them. When they are denatured,
the rate will not only plateau but will decrease to the point of zero due
to inactivated
The enzymes.
THANK YOU!

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ECOSYSTEM: LIFE

ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts

SPONGY Facilitate gas and water exchange

transporting vessels of manufactured food

Serves as entryway of CO2 and exit point of

Site of Light-Dependent Reaction of

Extended structure of a Thylakoid which

• Specific Chlorophyll pigments in Photosynthesis are P680 found

• It’s role in photosynthesis is the absorption of light

• Absorbs RED and BLUE light

• Reflects GREEN light

LIGHT ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY

THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAS TWO STAGES

• Occurs within the Thylakoid membranes

• Makes use of Chlorophyll for the absorption of Light

• Uses raw materials such as Sunlight and Water (H2O) to produce

• Oxygen is liberated into the environment while ATP and NADPH

• Can be further divided into Non-Clylic Photophosphorylation(Uses

A carrier molecule transports the electron out and

Energy released from the movement of electron

A water molecule is split (2 e-, 2 H+, 1 O2) to replace

ELECTRON TRANSPORT A carrier molecule transports the electron towards

The electron is accepted by NADP+ thus reducing

The accumulation of Hyodrgen ions moves out of

• AKA The Dark Reaction or the Calvin Cycle

• Occurs within the Stroma of the Chloroplast

• It does not make use of Chlorophyll

Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while

Because G3P is a 3-carbon atom, an additional 3 cycles must be made to

• Measured by the amount of glucose produced by a plant over time

Light provides the energy for Photosynthesis. When more light

Temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis by acting on the

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