Mobile Communications

Examples of wireless communication systems

3. Cellular telephone systems
 The cellular system consists of:
Mobile Stations (MS), Base Stations (BS) and Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

2/32
 Communication between the base station and the
mobile stations
 Transmission from BS to MS: downlink or forward channel

 Transmission from MS to BS: uplink or reverse channel

The communication between the BS and the MS is defined by a standard

Common Air Interface (CAI) that specifies four different channels:
 Forward Voice Channel (FVC): voice transmission from BS to MS
 Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): voice transmission from MS to BS
 Forward Control Channel (FCC): setting up a call, requesting a call
 Reverse Control Channel (RCC): setting up a call, requesting a call

3/32
 Timing diagram illustrating how a call to a mobile user
initiated by a landline subscriber is established
(1)
(6) (7) (10)

(2)
(8)

(5)

(11)

(14)

(3) (9)
(4)

(12)

(13)

MIN: Mobile Identification Number

ESN: Electronic Serial Number 4/32
 Classifications of mobile radio transmission systems

1. Simplex systems: communication is possible in only one direction

(e.g., paging systems)

2. Half-duplex systems: two-way communication, but use the same radio

channel for both transmission and reception
(e.g., walkie-talkie (push-to-talk and release-to-listen))

3. Full-duplex systems: simultaneous transmission and reception between

MS and BS
(e.g., cellular systems)

5/32
 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

 Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency are different

 Over each link, signals are continuously transmitted in parallel

Forward link

Reverse link

Base Station

Mobile Station

6/32
 Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

 Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency are the same

 Portion of the time is used for forward link transmission and the other for
reverse link transmission

Forward link

Reverse link

Base Station

Mobile Station

7/32
 Multiple Access Techniques

 How can many users access the same channel ?

1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Each user is allocated a portion of the system bandwidth
to be used at all times
2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Each user is allowed to use the entire system bandwidth
for a portion of the time
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Each user is allowed to use the entire system
bandwidth all of the time. Each user’s signal is
distinguished from others through the use of BS
unique “signature” codes.

. . . . . . . .

User 1 User 2 User K

8/32
 Multiple Access Techniques

 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
FDMA
power

TDMA
u ency
tim q
e f re
power

ti m uency CDMA
q
e fre
power

ency
ti m qu
e fre

9/32
 Evolution of mobile wireless systems

Generation Services Multiple access Standards Date rate

1G Analog voice FDMA AMPS, TACS 1.9 Kbit/s
(1980s)
2G Digital voice, TDMA/FDMA, GSM, 14.4 Kbit/s
(1990s) short messages CDMA IS-95
2.5G High capacity packetized TDMA/FDMA, GPRS, EDGE 384 Kbit/s
(end of 1990s) data CDMA
3G Broadband data, WCDMA, UMTS, 2Mbit/s
(2000) multimedia MC/CDMA CDMA2000

4G Interactive multimedia, OFDMA LTE 100Mbit/s

(2010) mobile internet WiMAX
5G Mobile internet NOMA 5G NR 1000 Mbit/s
(2020) Internet of Things (IoT)
AMPS : Advanced Mobile Phone System
TACS : Total Access Cellular System OFDMA : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
WiMAX : Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
GSM : Global System Mobile
IS-95 : Interim standard 95 Access
MC/CDMA: Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
EDGE : Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 5G NR : 5G New Radio 10/32
 Growth of Cellular Telephone subscribers

 630 Million subscribers in the year 2001

 Over than 2000 Millions subscribers in the year 2005
 Around 6000 Millions subscribers in the year 2012 11/32
Data rate versus mobility for current wireless systems

Multi-Carrier
modulation
LTE
WiMAX
OFDMA
?

12/32
 2G Cellular Networks

 The most popular 2G standards include three TDMA standard and one
CDMA standard:
1. Global System Mobile (GSM) : Europe, Asia, Australia, south America

2. Interim standard 136 (IS-136) or North American Digital Cellular (NADC) :

North American, Australia, south America

3. Pacific Digital Cellular (PCS) similar to IS-136 : Japan

4. Interim Standard 95, Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95) or (cdmaOne) :

North American, Korea, Japan, Australia, south America

13/32
Subscribers Number Versus Cellular Technology
in late 2001

14/32
GSM 900 (in the 900MHz band)

15/32
GSM 900 Frame

16/32
GSM 1900 (in the 1900MHz band)

or time slot

17/32
 GSM 900, GSM1800, GSM1900

GSM900 GSM1800 GSM1900

Uplink 890-915 MHz 1710-1785 MHz 1850-1910 MHz
Downlink 935-960 MHz 1805-1880 MHz 1930-1990 MHz

 Each GSM channel has a bandwidth of 200KHz

 Each channel has 8 time slots (8 users)
 For GSM900: uplink bandwidth = 915-890 = 25MHz =downlink bandwidth
number of channels=25MHz/200KHz=125 channel
number of time slots=8*125=1000 time slots (1000 user)

18/32
 Increasing Capacity
 Add new channels: usually not all channels are used
 add new hard ware at the base station (Transceivers Units (TRU))
 Frequency (channel) reuse: reuse the same channels at far cells

 Cell splitting:

 Cell sectoring: 120o sectoring or 60o sectoring

 Probability of blocking (e.g., 2% blocking probability)
19/32
 GSM Base Station
(at the Faculty of Science and Technology)
 Three sectors: three antennas with 120o sectoring
 Four channels per sector (4 Transceivers Units (4 TRU’s))
 Number of channels=4*3=12 channels
 Number of time slots =12*8=96 time slots (96 active user at the same
time)

20/32
 Evolution for 2.5G TDMA Standards

 Three different upgrade paths have been developed for GSM:

1. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
 Circuit switching (dedicated circuit with continuous stream of traffic)
 Real time traffic (voice)
 Provides up to 57.6 kbps instead of 14.4 kbps
 Real-time interactive web sessions
 Requires software upgrade at base station

2. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

 Packet switched based data network (sequence of packets : bursty)
 Non-real time internet usage, email, Asymmetric web browsing (users
download much more data than upload on the internet)
 Up to 171.2 kbps
 Requires new hardware and software at the base station

3. Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE):

 Up to 384 kbps
 Requires new hardware and software at the base station

21/32
 IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA

 Single upgrade path for eventual 3G operation:

1. IS-95B
 Provides up to 64 kbps instead of 14.4 kbps
 High speed packet and circuit switched data access
 Requires only new software in base station controller

22/32
Various Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies

23/32
 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks

 3G systems provide :
 Up to 2Mbps internet access
 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
 Simultaneous voice and data access with multiple parties
 Multimedia
 Videoconferencing
 Interactive video
 etc.

 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) formulate a plan to

implement a global 3G system in the 2GHz band

 This plan is called the International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT2000)

24/32
 Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks

 World-wide community remains split between two groups:

1. GSM/IS-136/PDC
2. CDMA

 The ITU IMT2000 standard organizations are currently separated into

two major organizations:
1. 3G Partner ship Project (3GPP) for Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) based
on backward compatibility with GSM/IS-136/PDC
2. 3G Partner ship Project2 (3GPP2) for CDMA2000 standards with
backward compatibility with cdmaOne (IS-95)

25/32
 3G W-CDMA (UMTS)

 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) : European standard

for 3G wireless communications also known as Wideband CDMA
(W-CDMA)
 UMTS or W-CDMA assures backward compatibility with 2G GSM, IS-136,
and PDC technologies as well as all 2.5G TDMA technologies
 W-CDMA requires expensive new base station equipments
 Bandwidth allocation of 5 MHz
 Six times increase in spectral efficiency over GSM
 Spectrum efficiency is referred to the amount of information that can be
transmitted over a given bandwidth
 The spectral efficiency is measured in bit/s/Hz
 Example: 3G W-CDMA system:
max. bit rate=2Mbps
bandwidth=5 MHz
spectrum efficiency=2Mbps/5MHz=0.4 bit/s/Hz
26/32
 3G CDMA2000

 The CDMA2000 standard is developed by the Telecommunication Industry

association (TIA) of the US, and involves the participation of the 3GPP2
 CDMA2000 provides high data rate upgrade path for the 2G and 2.5G
CDMA technologies
 Less expensive upgrade path when compared with W-CDMA as the same
spectrum, bandwidth (1.25MHz), RF equipments, and air interface (CDMA)
can be used
 Three versions of CDMA2000:
 CDMA2000 1x : single 1.25MHz radio channel (1x: single carrier),
up to 144 Kbps
 CDMA2000 1xEV-DV : EVolution, Data and Voice, up to 144 Kbps
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO : EVolution, Data Only, up to 2.4 Mbps
 CDMA2000 3x : three adjacent 1.25MHz channels (3x: three carriers:
Multi-Carrier), up to 2 Mbps

27/32
 Bandwidth of W-CDMA and CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1X
f
1.25MHz

CDMA2000 3X
Multi-Carrier f
1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz

W-CDMA

5MHz

28/32
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
IEEE 802.11 standard
 The IEEE 802.11 WLAN working group was founded in 1987
 The WLAN Uses unlicensed (licensed-free) spectrum in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands
 The IEEE 802.11 was finally standardized in 1997 to provide up to 2Mbps internet
access to laptop computers in the 2.4 GHz band
 In 1999, the IEEE 802.11 high data rate standard (IEEE 802.11b, also called WiFi)
provides data rate up to 11Mbps
 The original IEEE 802.11 uses two transmission approaches:
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)

 Advantages of spread-spectrum:
 Resistance to narrow-band unintended or intended interference (jamming)
 Spread-spectrum signals are difficult to intercept, they sound like noise
 Used to share a single channel among multiple users like in CDMA
 Can achieve high data rates

 WLAN uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocol to share a single
channel among multiple users
29/32
Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DS-SS)
Spreading and Despreading

31/32
 IEEE 802.11g standard
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 The IEEE 802.11g standard uses multi-carrier modulation based on Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 OFDM : is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme, which uses a large number of
closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers
 high spectral efficiency
 High data rate by the simultaneous transmission over many carriers
 Narrow band interference suppression capabilities
 Parallel processing : faster, low power consumption

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

32/32