JE Works Refresher Course

7.1
Inspection and Maintenance of
Sewage..
DRAINAGE
AND
SEWERAGE

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Function of Drainage and Sewerage
System
• Waste Water generated has to be transported to the desirable point.
• But before that we should know some Definitions..
 DEFINITIONS
• Industrial wastewater: It is the wastewater generated from the
industrial and commercial areas.
• Night Soil: It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta.
• Sanitary sewage: Sewage originated from the residential buildings
comes under this category. This is very foul in nature. It is the
wastewater generated from the lavatory basins, urinals and water
closets of residential buildings, office building, theatre and other
institutions. It is also referred as domestic wastewater.
 DEFINITIONS
• Sewage: It indicates the liquid waste originating from the domestic
uses of water. It includes sullage, discharge from toilets, urinals,
wastewater generated from commercial establishments, institutions,
industrial establishments and also the groundwater and storm water
that may enter into the sewers.
• Stormwater: It indicates the rain water of the locality.
• Subsoil water: Groundwater that enters into the sewers through
leakages is called subsoil water.
 DEFINITIONS
• Sullage: This refers to the wastewater generated from bathrooms,
kitchens, washing place and wash basins, etc. Composition of this
waste does not involve higher concentration of organic matter and it
is less polluted water as compared to sewage.

• Sewerage: The term sewerage refers the infrastructure which includes

device, equipment and appurtenances for the collection,
transportation and pumping of sewage, but excluding works for the
treatment of sewage.
 SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Combined System: Sanitary sewage and storm water are allowed to
enter jointly in a common sewer for disposal .
Separate System: Separate sewers are laid to carry sanitary sewage
and storm water . The storm water is carried to nearby natural water
course without treatment. The sanitary sewage is compulsorily
treated before disposal.
Partially Combined System: Sewers are designed as sanitary sewer
but sufficient quantity of storm water is also allowed to flow in the
sewer.
IRWM Provisions
• 601 General –
• Reference may be made to the following for provisions not
contained in this Chapter.
• In case of any variation, the latter shall prevail.
• (i) National Building Code of India 1983 - Part IX Plumbing
Services, Drainage and Sanitation.
• ii) Relevant BIS Codes as mentioned below :-
• IS 1172: 1983 Code of basic requirements for water supply
drainage and sanitation.
• IS 1726: 1974 Specifications for cast iron manhole covers and
frames.
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• IS 1742: 1983 Code of practice for building drainage.
• IS 2470: 1985 Code of practice for installation of septic tanks.
• IS 4111: 1986 Code of practice for ancillary structures in sewerage
system.
• IS 5329: 1983 Code of practice for sanitary pipeworks above ground for
buildings.
• (iii) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment - Ministry of Urban
Development, New Delhi.
• (iv) Regulations issued by Municipal Corporations or local Public Health
Departments should also be referred.

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IRWM Provisions in Buildings
• Location of sanitary fittings, inspection holes, plumbing and other
sanitary installations should be predetermined to avoid disfiguring
and subsequent patching of the walls and floors.
• Floor level should be suitably lowered to prevent water finding its
way into the living area.
• Floor of bathroom should be provided with a slope of minimum 1 in
60 towards water outlets.

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• The general arrangement drawing should have the prior approval of
an officers in Hqrs. not lower than the rank of SAG in the Office of
the Chief Engineer(Open Line).
• Further, in Station Buildings and other important structures, no
additions/alterations should be carried out without the prior approval
of the general arrangement plan by the concerned SAG officer in the
office of Chief Engineer (Open Line).

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• l) The detailed construction plan which includes Sections and
Elevations of building should not be approved unless following
detailed plans are also available:

• (i) Site plan and General layout plan showing various service
connections like sewerage, drainage, water & power supply, roads etc
to town services

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• (ii) Roof plan showing terracing with slopes, water proofing and water
outlets.

• (iii) Detailed larger size plans of toilets and kitchens indicating the
location and type of fittings and treatment on floor and walls.

• (iv) Plan showing layout of furniture and furnishing and their type.

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• (v) Sanitary fittings, drainage and sewage plan, plumbing details.

• (vi) Horticulture landscaping plan (optional).

• (vii) Electrical wiring plans.

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 Scale of Fitments
as per
Manual Provisions
205 Scale of Fitments..

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Cont..

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Cont..

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 Urinals –
• Minimum - 12 No. (Includes provision in waiting
rooms/halls). 1/3rd of it to be reserved for ladies. This
includes Pay and Use Toilets.
In case of 2 toilets existing, one each should
be earmarked for ladies and Gents).
 Numbers can be reduced in water Scarce areas
with the Approval of GM.

• Recommended – Ndb/200. (1/3rd of it to be reserved

for ladies).
Latrines-
• Minimum - 12 No. (Includes provision in waiting
rooms/halls). 1/3rd of it to be reserved for ladies. This
includes Pay and Use Toilets.
In case of 2 toilets existing, one each should
be earmarked for ladies and Gents).
 Numbers can be reduced in water Scarce areas
with the Approval of GM.

• Recommended – Ndb/200. (1/3rd of it to be reserved

for ladies).
Urinals and Latrines

• Minimum - 10 Nos. Includes provision in waiting

rooms/halls,1/3 rd to be reserved for ladies.
In case of 2 toilets existing, one each should be
earmarked for ladies.

• Recommended – Ndb/200, 1/3 rd to be reserved for

ladies.
Handicapped persons
Toilets :
Every Station to have at Least One Toilet with Drinking water facility for
Handicapped..
 Vertical Rail should be 835mm to 1295 mm above Floor Level.
 Pull rail of Door to be 1070mm above Foor Level
 Height of WC to be 500 above Floor Level and Rim of Wash Basin to be
780mm above Floor Level.
 One Urinal and Shower to be provided in one Bathinh Cubical inside Waiting
Hall at Station with Sign Board.
• Shower Area :
Seat /Bathing stool (Ht. 460mm-490mm) to facilitate easy transfer by wheel
chair.
 Should have Grab Rail at Height ( 700-800mm).
 Should have Telephone hand showers instead of Fixed showers.

• Drinking Water Facility :

There should be seperate Drinking water Tap for Disabled persons
and Water Fountain shall be with leg and Knee space.
 DESIGN OF SEWERS
 Sanitary sewer system and storm water drainage system should be
designed separately.
 The size of the sewer depends on quantity of sanitary sewage,
variation in peak, average flows, limiting velocities of flow,
topography of the area, construction material, etc.,. Sanitary sewers
are not expected to receive storm water.
 The size of storm water sewer depends on storm water run-off , self
cleaning velocity, construction material ,etc.,
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Aim:
• In designing a drainage system for individual buildings, the aim shall
be to provide a system of self-cleaning conduits for conveyance of
soil, waste, surface or sub-surface waters.

• Removal of such wastes speedily and efficiently to a sewer or other

outlet without risk of nuisance and hazard to health.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
To achieve this aim, a drainage system shall satisfy the following
requirements.
• Rapid and efficient removal of liquid wastes without leakage.
• Prevention of access of foul gases to the building and provision for
their escape from the system.
• Adequate and easy access for cleaning and clearing obstructions.
• Prevention of undue external or internal corrosion, or erosion of
joints and protection of materials of construction.
• Avoidance of air locks, deposit & damage.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Additional Requirements:
• The pipes shall be laid in straight lines as far as possible and with
uniform gradients.
• Anything that is likely to cause irregularity of flow, such as, abrupt
change of direction shall be avoided.
• Where it is not possible to avoid a change a direction in the case of
drains, access shall be provided through manholes and inspection
chambers.
QUANTITY OF SEWAGE & SELF CLEANING
VELOCITY
• Generally 80% of the water supplied may be considered to reach
the sewers.
• Self Cleansing Velocity - It is necessary to maintain a minimum
velocity or self-cleansing velocity in a sewer to ensure that
suspended solids do not deposit and cause blockage.
• Self cleansing velocity is determined by considering the particle
size and specific weight of the suspended solids in sewage.
• A minimum velocity of 0.8 mps at design peak flow in the
sanitary sewers is recommended subject to a minimum velocity
of 0.6 mps for present peak flow.

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• Sewers are normally designed for flows with free water surface and
self-cleansing velocities.

• Maximum Velocity - Erosion of sewers is caused by sand and other

gritty material in the sewer at excessive velocity.
• Velocity of flow in a sewer is recommended not to exceed 2.0 mps.

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• 609 Ventilation in Sullage –
• From consideration of ventilation in wastewater flow, sewer should
not be designed to run full.
• Sewers upto 400 mm dia may be designed to run at half depth,
400-900 mm diameter at two third depths and larger sewers at
three fourth depth at ultimate peak flows.
• 610 Size of Sewer –
• Minimum diameter of sewer shall be 200 mm except for hilly areas
where steep slopes are available.
• In those areas minimum size may be 100 mm.

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• 612 Manholes
• According to IS:4111 - spacing of manholes is designed with reference
to sewer diameter as given below:
• Sewer dia in mm Upto 300 301 to 500 501-900
• Spacing in metres 45 75 90
• When silt and grit loads are heavy, catchpits may be provided at
suitable intervals depending on local conditions and as approved by
the Divisional Engineer.

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 IMPORTANT FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR
SELECTING MATERIAL FOR SEWER

Following factors should be considered before selecting material for

manufacturing sewer pipes:
a) Resistance to Corrosion
b) Resistance to Abrasion
c) Strength and Durability
d) Weight of the material
e) Imperviousness
f) Economy and Cost.
 WEIGHT OF THE MATERIAL & IMPERVIOUSNESS

WEIGHT OF THE MATERIAL

• The material selected for sewer should have less specific weight,
which will make pipe light in weight.
• The lightweight pipes are easy for handling and transport.

IMPERVIOUSNESS
• To eliminate chances of sewage seepage from sewer to surrounding,
the material selected for pipe should be impervious.
 ECONOMY & HYDRAULICAL EFFICIENCY

ECONOMY AND COST

• Sewer should be less costly to make the sewerage scheme

economical.

HYDRAULICALLY EFFICIENT

• The sewer shall have smooth interior surface to have less frictional
coefficient.
 ASBESTOS CEMENT SEWERS
• These are manufactured from a mixture of asbestos fibers, silica and cement.
Asbestos fibers are thoroughly mixed with cement to act as reinforcement.
• These pipes are available in size 10 to 100 cm internal diameter and length
up to 4.0 m.
• These pipes can be easily assembled without skilled labour with the help of
special coupling, called ‘Ring Tie Coupling’ or Simplex joint.
• The pipe and joints are resistant to corrosion and the joints are flexible to
permit 12° deflection for curved laying.
• These pipes are used for vertical transport of water.
For example, transport of rainwater from roofs in multistoried buildings, for
transport of sewage to grounds, and for transport of less foul sullage i.e.,
wastewater from kitchen and bathroom.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
• These pipes are light in weight and hence, easy to carry and transport.
• Easy to cut and assemble without skilled labour.
• Interior is smooth (Manning’s n = 0.011) hence, can make excellent
hydraulically efficient sewer.
Disadvantages
• These pipes are structurally not very strong.
• These are susceptible to corrosion by sulphuric acid. When bacteria produce
H2S, in presence of water, H2SO4 can be formed leading to corrosion of pipe
material.
 CAST IRON SEWERS
• These pipes are stronger and capable to withstand greater tensile,
compressive, as well as bending stresses. However, these are costly. Cast iron
pipes are used for outfall sewers, rising mains of pumping stations, and
inverted siphons, where pipes are running under pressure.
• These are also suitable for sewers under heavy traffic load, such as sewers
below railways and highways.
• They form 100% leak proof sewer line to avoid groundwater Contamination.
They are less resistant to corrosion; hence, generally lined from inside with
cement concrete, coal tar paint, epoxy, etc.
• These are joined together by bell and spigot joint. IS:1536-1989 and IS:1537-
1976 provides the specifications for spun and vertically cast pipes,
respectively.
• These pipes are suitable where the velocity is more than 2.4m/s
 STEEL PIPES
• These are used under the situations such as pressure main sewers, under
water crossing, bridge crossing, necessary connections for pumping stations,
laying pipes over self supporting spans, railway crossings, etc.
• They can withstand internal pressure, impact load and vibrations much
better than CI pipes. They are more ductile and can withstand water
hammer pressure better.
• These pipes cannot withstand high external load and these pipes may
collapse when negative pressure is developed in pipes.
• They are susceptible to corrosion and are not generally used for partially
flowing sewers. They are protected internally and externally against the
action of corrosion.
 VITRIFIED CLAY OR STONEWARE
SEWERS
• These pipes are used for house connections as well as lateral sewers. The size of the
pipe available is 5 cm to 30 cm internal diameter with length 0.9 to 1.2 m.
• For all sewers and drains in all soils except where supports are required, glazed
stoneware pipes shall be used.
• They are particularly suitable where acid effluents or acid sub-soil conditions are
likely to be encountered.
ADVANTAGES
• Resistant to corrosion, hence fit for carrying polluted water such as sewage.
• Interior surface is smooth and is hydraulically efficient.
• The pipes are highly impervious.
• Strong in compression.
 VITRIFIED CLAY OR STONEWARE
SEWERS
ADVANTAGES
• These pipes are durable and economical for small diameters.
• The pipe material does not absorb water more than 5% of their own
weight, when immersed in water for 24 h.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Heavy, bulky and brittle and hence, difficult to transport.
• These pipes cannot be used as pressure pipes, because they are weak in
tension.
• These require large number of joints as the individual pipe length is small.
 PLASTIC SEWERS (PVC PIPES)
• Plastic is recent material used for sewer pipes. These are used for
internal drainage works in house.
• These are available in sizes 75 to 315 mm external diameter and used
in drainage works.
• They offer smooth internal surface.
• The additional advantages they offer are resistant to corrosion, light
weight of pipe, economical in laying, jointing and maintenance, the
pipe is tough and rigid, and ease in fabrication and transport of these
pipes.
 HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE
(HDPE) PIPES
• Use of these pipes for sewers is recent development. They are not
brittle like AC pipes and other pipes and hence hard fall during loading,
unloading and handling do not cause any damage to the pipes.
• These are commonly used for conveyance of industrial wastewater.
• They offer all the advantages offered by PVC pipes. PVC pipes offer very
little flexibility and normally considered rigid; whereas, HDPE pipes are
flexible hence best suited for laying in hilly and uneven terrain.
• HDPE pipes are non corrosive and offer very smooth inside surface due
to which pressure losses are minimal and also this material resist scale
formation.
 DUCTILE IRON PIPES
• Ductile iron pipes can also be used for conveying the sewers. They demonstrate higher
capacity to withstand water hammer. The specifications for DI pipes is provided in
IS:12288-1987.
• Internally these pipes are coated with cement mortar lining or any other polyethylene or
poly wrap or plastic bagging/ sleeve lining to inhibit corrosion from the wastewater being
conveyed, and various types of external coating are used to inhibit corrosion from the
environment.
• Ductile iron has proven to be a better pipe material than cast iron but they are costly.
• Ductile iron is still believed to be stronger and more fracture resistant material. However,
like most ferrous materials it is susceptible to corrosion.
• A typical life expectancy of thicker walled pipe could be up to 75 years, however with the
current thinner walled ductile pipe the life could be about 20 years in highly corrosive soils
without a corrosion control program like cathodic protection.
 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE OR
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
• Plain cement concrete pipes are available up to 0.45 m diameter and
reinforcement cement pipes are available up to 1.8 m diameter. These
pipes can be cast in situ or precast pipes.
• Precast pipes are better in quality than the cast in situ pipes. The
reinforcement in these pipes can be different such as single cage
reinforced pipes, used for internal pressure less than 0.8 m.
• Double cage reinforced pipes used for both internal and external
pressure greater than 0.8 m.
• Elliptical cage reinforced pipes used for larger diameter sewers
subjected to external pressure
 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE OR
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
Advantages of concrete pipes
• Strong in tension as well as compression.
• Resistant to erosion and abrasion.
• They can be made of any desired strength.
• Easily molded, and can be in situ or precast pipes.
• Economical for medium and large sizes.
• These pipes are available in wide range of size and the trench can be
opened and backfilled rapidly during maintenance of sewers
 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE OR
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
Disadvantages
• These pipes can get corroded and pitted by the action of H2SO4.
• The carrying capacity of the pipe reduces with time because of corrosion.
• The pipes are susceptible to erosion by sewage containing silt and grit.
• The concrete sewers can be protected internally by vitrified clay linings.
With protection lining they are used for almost all the branch and main
sewers.
• Only high alumina cement concrete should be used when pipes are
exposed to corrosive liquid like sewage.
 SEWAGE TREATMENT
Disposing off Sewage done by two methods:
a) Natural Method
b) Artificial Method
a) Natural Method
 The untreated or treated sewage is disposed by
i) Dilution – disposal into natural waters
ii) Land Treatment – Sewage farming and irrigation
b)Artificial Method
 Sewage is disposed off only after subjecting it to various processes of treatment.
i) Primary treatment.
ii) Artificial treatment
Books of references:-
1.National Building code of India 1983- part ix plumbing
services, drainage and sanitation.
2. Relevant BIS codes as mentioned below:-
IS 1172 : 1993 code of basic requirements for water
supply drainage and sanitation.
IS 1726 : specifications for CI manhole covers and frames.
IS 1742 : 1983 code of practice for building drainage.
IS 2470 : 1985 code of practice for installation of septic
tanks.
 IS 4111 : 1986 code of practice for ancillary structures in
sewerage systems.
IS 5329 :1983 code of practice for sanitary pipe works above
ground for buildings.
3. Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment- Ministry of
Urban Devp. New Delhi.
4. Regulations issued by Municipal corporation or local PHE
departments should also be referred.
5. IRWM.
THANKS