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Number Bases: Human Base

The document discusses different numeric bases such as the human base of 10, the computer base of 2, and provides examples of positional notation systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It also covers converting between bases and performing arithmetic operations like addition in non-decimal bases using modular arithmetic principles.

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Jawad CH
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30 views12 pages

Number Bases: Human Base

The document discusses different numeric bases such as the human base of 10, the computer base of 2, and provides examples of positional notation systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It also covers converting between bases and performing arithmetic operations like addition in non-decimal bases using modular arithmetic principles.

Uploaded by

Jawad CH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NUMBER BASES

 Human base
 10
 Ten finger
 DECIMAL
 Computer base
 2
 Two-state devices
 BINARY
 NUMBER SYMBOL
 Base
 Number of symbols
 Number of “states”
POSITIONAL VALUES (1)
 Decimal / Denary
Positional value 100 10 1
Digit 2 5 8
258 =200+50+8
=2x100+5x10+8 x1
=2x10 +5x10 +8x10
2 1 0
 Binary

Decimal value
Positional value of 32
binary
16 110101
8 4 2 1
Digit 1 1 0 1 0 1
(1 x 32) 32
+ (1 x16) 16
+ (0 x 8) 0
+ (1 x 4) 4
+ (0 x 2) 0
+ (1 x 1) + 1
53
POSITIONAL VALUES (2)
Number
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
System
Base 10 2 8 16
Digits 0 0 0 0
Used
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8
9 9
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
POSITIONAL VALUES (3)

 Octal
Positional value 512 64 8 1
Digit 3 0 5 6

Decimal value of octal 3056

+ (3x512) 1536
+ (0x64) 0
+ (5x8 ) 40
+ (6x1 ) + 6
1582
POSITION VALUES (4)

 Hexadecimal
Positional value 4096 256 16 1
Digit 2 F A 6

Decimal Value of hexadecimal 2FA6

(2x4096) 8192
+ (Fx256) 15x256 3840
+ (Ax16) 10x16 160
+ (6x1) + 6
12198
CONVERSION FROM
DECIMAL TO OTHER BASES
(1)
 Divide by required base and note remainder
 Continue dividing quotients by required
base until the answer is zero
 Write the remainder digits from right to left
to give the answer
117 Decimal to Binary
2 ) 117 remainder 1
2 ) 58 “ 0
2 ) 29 “ 1
2 ) 14 “ 0
2) 7 “ 1
2) 3 “ 1
2) 1 “ 1
0
117 Decimal = 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
Binary
CONVERSION FROM
DECIMAL TO OTHER BASES
(2)
236 Decimal to Octal
8 ) 236 remainder 4
8 ) 29 “ 5
8) 8 3

236 Decimal = 3 5 4 Octal

437 Decimal to Hexadecimal


16 ) 473 remainder 9
16 ) 29 “ 13
16 ) 1 “ 1

437 Decimal= 1 D 9
Hexadecimal
BINARY, OCTAL AND
HEXADECIMAL (1)

 The three systems are closely


related

 Octal or hexadecimal are often


used as shorthand for binary

 Example : Store dumps

 Group binary digits

 in threes for octal

 in fours for hexadecimal


BINARY, OCTAL AND
HEXADECIMAL (2)

 Express each octal digit as three


binary digits, or each hexadecimal
digit as four binary digits, then write
all the binary digit, as continuous
string

OCTAL 1 7 3 2

BINARY 001 111 011 010

HEX 3 D A

 Add leading zeros (trailing zeroes to


fractions) for clarity

 To convert from octal to hexadeximal


or vice-versa go via binary
OCTAL ADDITION
 The sum of two octal numbers can be
deduced by the usual addition algorithm
to the repeated addition of two digits
( with possibly a carry of 1 ).
 The sum of two octal digits, or the sum
of two octal digits plus 1, can be
obtained by :
i. Finding their decimal sum and
ii. Modifying the decimal, if it exceeds8
7, by subtracting 8 and carrying 1 to
the next column.
 Example: 58 + 6 8 + 28 = 15 8
58
+ 68
28
Decimal sum 13
Modification - 8
Octal sum 158
HEXADECIMAL ADDITION

 The sum of two hexadecimal digits, or


the sum of two hexadecimal digits plus
1, can be obtained by :

i. Finding their decimal sum and

ii. Modifying the decimal, if it exceeds


15, by subtracting 16 and carrying
1 to the next column.

 Example : A16 + 916


A
+ 9
Decimal sum 19
Modification - 16
Octal sum 13 16
MODULAR ARTHMETIC
 In our daily life, there are so many
counting / measuring systems around
us.
 E.g. 100 cm is not the same as 100
inches, because measuring is different.
 Example:
“ If Peter starts work at 8 0’ clock in the
morning and work for 8 hours, at what
time will Peter finish work? ”
Solution:
Step 1. Add 8 hours to 8 o’ clock
= ( 8 + 8 = 16 )
Step 2. 16 Divide by 12
( because 12 hours )
= ( 16 mod 12 )
Step 3. The remainder is 4
= ( 16 mod 12 = 4 )

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