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Ch18 Lecture - Oscillators

The document discusses several types of oscillators: 1. Oscillators use positive feedback to generate an output waveform from a dc input signal. The Barkhausen criterion states that oscillations occur when the feedback factor and voltage gain equal 1. 2. Phase-shift, Wien-bridge, Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp, and Armstrong oscillators all use different feedback network configurations to produce a 180° phase shift for regeneration. 3. Crystal-controlled oscillators use a quartz crystal to generate a very stable output frequency, making them less susceptible to component and temperature variations than conventional oscillator designs.

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53 views21 pages

Ch18 Lecture - Oscillators

The document discusses several types of oscillators: 1. Oscillators use positive feedback to generate an output waveform from a dc input signal. The Barkhausen criterion states that oscillations occur when the feedback factor and voltage gain equal 1. 2. Phase-shift, Wien-bridge, Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp, and Armstrong oscillators all use different feedback network configurations to produce a 180° phase shift for regeneration. 3. Crystal-controlled oscillators use a quartz crystal to generate a very stable output frequency, making them less susceptible to component and temperature variations than conventional oscillator designs.

Uploaded by

Oana Andrada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 18

Oscillators
Oscillators
 Oscillator – An ac signal generator. A circuit that
converts dc to a sinusoidal (or other) waveform.
 Oscillators use positive feedback to produce an
output waveform.
 Positive feedback – A type of feedback signal that is in
phase with the circuit input signal.
Oscillators: The Basic Idea
 The signal source
produces the
waveforms shown.
 When the source is
removed, the circuit
loop continues to
produce an output.
 Because positive
feedback generates an
input signal, it is also
called regenerative
feedback.
The Barkhausen Criterion
 Barkhausen criterion – The relationship between the
circuit feedback factor (v) and voltage gain (Av)
required for proper oscillator operation.
 The Barkhausen criterion states that oscillations can
be sustained only when

 v Av  1
The significance ofvAv
 When vAv < 1, the circuit
experiences damping.
 Damping – The fading out of
oscillations over some number
of cycles.
 When vAv > 1, the circuit
output is driven into saturation
and cutoff clipping.
 When vAv = 1, the circuit
output remains at a stable
amplitude.
Phase-Shift Oscillators
 Phase-shift oscillator – An oscillator that uses three RC
circuits in its feedback network to produce a 180° phase
shift.
 The combined phase shifts of the op-amp and the feedback
network is 360° (or 0°)

 XC
  tan 1

R
Stability
 Oscillator stability – A measure of an oscillator’s
ability to maintain constant output amplitude and
frequency.
 The phase-shift oscillator is rarely used because it is
relatively unstable.
Wien-Bridge Oscillators
 Wien-bridge oscillator – An oscillator that achieves
regenerative feedback by producing no phase shift at
its resonant frequency.
Frequency Response of the
Positive Feedback Path
 The positive feedback path acts as a band-pass filter.
Circuit Gain
 The gain of the Wien-
bridge oscillator is
determined by the
components in the
negative feedback
path.

R3  R4
ACL  1
R5
The Colpitts Oscillator
 Colpitts oscillator – An
oscillator that uses a pair
of tapped capacitors and
an inductor to produce a
180° voltage phase shift
in the feedback network.
Colpitts Oscillator Feedback
Network
 The amplifier output voltage is developed across C1.
 The feedback voltage is developed across C2.
 The capacitor voltages are 180° out of phase.
C1
v 
C2
Transformer-Coupled
Colpitts Oscillator
The Hartley Oscillator
 Hartley oscillator – An oscillator that uses a pair of tapped
inductors and a capacitor to produce a 180° voltage phase
in its feedback network.
The Clapp Oscillator
 Clapp oscillator – A Colpitts oscillator with an added
capacitor (in series with the feedback inductor) used to
reduce the effects of transistor junction capacitance.
The Armstrong Oscillator
 Armstrong oscillator – An oscillator that uses a transformer in
its feedback network to achieve the required 180° voltage
phase shift.
Crystal-Controlled Oscillators
 Conventional oscillators can experience a change in gain
or frequency due to:
 The active component being replaced.
 A reactive component being replaced.
 The circuit experiencing a change in temperature.
 Crystal-controlled oscillator – An oscillator that uses a
quartz crystal to produce an extremely stable output
frequency.
Crystals
 Piezoelectric effect – The tendency of a crystal to vibrate
at a fixed frequency when exposed to an electric field.
 The frequency of vibration depends on the physical
dimensions of the crystal.
 The three crystals used in oscillators are:
 Roshelle salt. The best piezoelectric activity, but the most
fragile.
 Tourmaline. The toughest (physically), but the least stable
vibration rate.
 Quartz. Good piezoelectric activity and less fragile than
Roshelle salt. Also the least expensive to produce.
Quartz Crystals
 CC is the crystal capacitance
 CM is the mounting capacitance
 L is the crystal inductance
 R is the crystal resistance
Crystal-Controlled Colpitts
Oscillator
The Pierce Oscillator

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