UNIVERSAL GATES

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Outline
Universal Gates
 Universal Gate - NAND

 NAND Implementation

 AOI Vs. NAND

 Universal Gate - NOR

 NOR Implementation

 AOI Vs. NOR

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Universal Gate
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without
need to use any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In
practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and
easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families

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Universal Gate - NAND
 The basic function of the NAND gate.

 How a NAND gate can be used to replace an AND gate, an OR gate, or an INVERTER gate.

 How a logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates can be re-implemented using only
NAND gates.

 That using a single gate type, in this case NAND, will reduce the number of integrated circuits
(IC) required to implement a logic circuit.

AOI Logic NAND Logic

More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$

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NAND Gate
The NAND gate represents the complement of the AND operation. It’s name is an
abbreviation of NOT AND.

X
Z  X YXY
Y

X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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NAND Gate as an Inverter Gate
X  X  X (Before
Bubble)
X ZX

X Z
0 1
Equivalent to Inverter
1 0

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NAND Gate as an AND Gate
XY
X
Z  XY  XY
Y

NAND Gate Inverter

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Equivalent to AND Gate
1 0 0
1 1 1

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NAND Gate as an OR Gate
X

X Y
Z XY XY  XY
Y

Inverters NAND Gate

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
1 0 1
1 1 1

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NAND Gate Equivalent to AOI Gates
AND OR INVERTER

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Process for NAND Implementation
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design with AOI logic.

2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every AND, OR, and
INVERTER gate with its NAND equivalent.

3. Redraw the circuit.

4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions (i.e., back-to-back inverters).

5. Redraw the final circuit.

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NAND Implementation
Example:

Design a NAND Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit shown
below.

BC A C

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NAND Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 2
Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NAND
equivalent.

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NAND Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 3

Redraw the circuit.

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NAND Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 4

Identify and eliminate any double inversions.

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NAND Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 5

Redraw the circuit.

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Proof of Equivalence

BC
C

BCAC

Z BCAC
AC
Z BCA C

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AOI Vs. NAND

IC Gates Gate / # ICs

Type IC IC Gates Gate / # ICs
74LS0 1 6 1 Type IC
4 74LS0 4 4 1
74LS0 2 4 1 0
8 Total Number of ICs → 1
74LS3 1 4 1
2 17
Universal Gate - NOR
 The basic function of the NOR gate.

 How a NOR gate can be used to replace an AND gate, an OR gate, or an INVERTER gate.

 How a logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates can be re-implemented using only
NOR gates.

 That using a single gate type, in this case NOR, will reduce the number of integrated
circuits (IC) required to implement a logic circuit.

AOI Logic NAND Logic

More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$

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NOR Gate
The NOR gate represents the complement of the OR operation. It’s name is an abbreviation
of NOT OR.

X
ZXYX Y
Y

X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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NOR Gate as an Inverter Gate
X  X  X (Before Bubble)

X ZX

X Z
0 1
Equivalent to Inverter
1 0

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NOR Gate as an OR Gate
XY
X
Z  XY XY
Y

NOR Gate “Inverter”

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
1 0 1
1 1 1

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NOR Gate as an AND Gate
X

X Y

ZXYXYXY
Y

“Inverters” NOR Gate

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 Equivalent to AND Gate
1 1 1

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NOR Gate Equivalent to AOI Gates
AND OR INVERTER

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Process for NOR Implementation
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design with AOI logic.

2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every AND, OR, and
INVERTER gate with its NOR equivalent.

3. Redraw the circuit.

4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions. (i.e. back-to-back inverters)

5. Redraw the final circuit.

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NOR Implementation
Example:

Design a NOR Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit shown below.

BC A C

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NOR Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 2

Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NOR equivalent.

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NOR Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 3

Redraw the circuit.

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NOR Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 4

Identify and eliminate any double inversions.

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NOR Implementation (cont.)
Solution – Step 5
Redraw the circuit.

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Proof of Equivalence

BCBCBC
C

B BCA C
C
Z BCA C
BCA C
A
ACACAC

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AOI Vs. NOR

IC Gates Gate / # ICs

Type IC IC Type Gates Gate / # ICs
74LS04 1 6 1 IC
74LS08 2 4 1 74LS02 7 4 2
Total Number of ICs → 2
74LS32 1 4 1
Total Number of ICs → 3

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