Embedded System In Industrial View

Accel IT Academy, Chennai.

 Agenda

 Embedded Systems

 Domains of Embedded Systems

 Building Blocks of Embedded Systems through an application

Embedded Systems
 What is an Embedded System?

• It is the combination of hardware and software for some control

specific application

• Forms a component of a larger system

• Expected to function with minimal human intervention

• Is a real time system

 Do we need Embedded Systems?

The world needs SYSTEMS

• Predictability - Should respond in a predictable way to unpredictable

situations

• Fault Tolerant - Should continue operations despite the presence of

hardware and/or software faults

• Safety - Should avoid physical or economic damage to person &

property
 Embedded Systems -
Building Blocks

 Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.

 Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.

 Bus Standards.

 PCB Design.

 RTOS.

 Networking.

 Device Drivers.
 Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.

 A microprocessor is a general purpose central processing unit of

a digital computer
– A chip on a computer

 E.G. Intel 8086, Intel 80186 , etc

 A micro controller is a true computer on a chip

– A computer on a chip.

 E.G intel 8051, PIC 16F873

Micro Processor versus Micro Controller

ALU ALU T/C I/O

ACC. I/O
ACC.
REG. INT.
REGISTERS UART
ROM

PC SP PC SP

INT. INT
CLK INT CLK RAM

MICROPROCESSOR MICRO CONTROLLER

 Micro Processor versus Micro Controller

• Microprocessor
– general purpose CPU
– a chip in a computer
– Are built on Von Neumann architecture.
 e.g. Intel x86/ Motorola 680x0 families
• Micro-Controller
– true computer on a chip.
– Are built on Harvard architecture.
 e.g. Intel 8051, 80196/ Motorola 68HCxx families
 Controller & Processor

 Application

– processor is for simple system design

– controller is for special purpose complex system design

 Speed

– processor is used when speed of operation of system is not

critical

– controller is used when speed is important

Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.
 Compiler versus Cross Compiler

 Native Compiler

Native compiler is a program which converts a high

level programming language to machine understandable format
with respect to the target processor available in the system box.

 Cross Compiler

Cross compiler is a program which converts a high

level programming language to machine understandable format
with respect to the target processor selected in the cross
compiler software.
 Assembly language programming

Advantage

 Assembly Language programming is the efficient programming

language for accessing the hardware.

 The assembly language op codes directly work on the target

machine so it is faster in operation

Disadvantage

 Tough to understand and Program.

 Advance C

Ways of accessing the hardware through C

 Using runtime library functions, getch( ).

 Using ROM-BIOS functions.

 Using DOS functions.

 Directly programming the hardware

 Advance C

Direct reference to the hardware

 One must have a detailed knowledge of the hardware one is

trying to program.

 Program written for one hardware in one computer may not be

portable to another computer

Use of runtime library functions

 They work very slowly when compared to others.

 They are limited to what the function is designed to do

 Advance C

WHY ROM-BIOS and DOS

 The most important reason for using ROM-BIOS and DOS

are they are available in system memory once the system is on.

 ROM-BIOS functions performs some basic fundamental

operation with the peripherals like reading data and writing data.

 DOS is used for these basic functions and enhanced to

make a particular process more efficient.
 Embedded C

Why Embedded C ?

 Easy control of multilevel functions

 Modularity

 Easy maintenance

 Reusable codes

 Portable

 Minimal hardware knowledge required

 Bus Standards

 Bus standard provides a easy way of communication

mechanism between the chips in the computer.

 It reduces the number of control lines extended between the

chips so electro magnetic induction is greatly reduced in the
circuit

 Speed of data transmission between the chips is greatly

increased. E.G 3.4 MBPS in I2c bus operating in high speed
mode.

 E.G
 I2c, PCI, USB, EISA etc
 PCB Design.

 PCB design is a technique of position hundreds of components

and thousands of tracks into an intricate design that meets a
whole host of physical and electrical requirements.

 PCB design gives the basic thumb rule for placing the
components and routing an effective path between the
components within a small place.

 It must also be remembered that PCB traces have resistance,

inductance, and capacitance, just like your circuit does.
Real Time Systems
 Real Time Systems

• Systems that respond in a predictable way to unpredictable

external stimuli

• Computer system with timing constraints

• RTS depends upon

 logical correctness of computation

 time at which result is produced

 In RTS “ a late answer is a wrong answer”

 Real Time Systems - Types

• Hard real time - Systems with Hard Deadlines

– no Critical Deadlines can be missed

 E.g. Control Systems of Aircraft,Atomic Reactors

 Soft real time - Timing Constraints a little tolerable

– occasional misses are permitted

– the average response time for an event should be within a
specified time

 E.g. Weather Monitors, Vending Machines

Preemptive Kernel Versus Non preemptive Kernel

Preemptive Kernel
 System response is faster.
 Highest Priority task gets the CPU time for execution.

Non Preemptive Kernel

 System response time is slower than preemptive.
 Currently executing task gets the CPU time for execution.
 C/OS-II

 High performance

 Deterministic

 ROMable

 Scalable

 Portable to different processors

 Low cost
 Real Time Systems - Critical Users

 Automobile Industry

 Instrumentation & Control Engineering Industry

 Defence Organization

 Aerospace Industry

 Medical Equipment Industry

 Nuclear Plants
TCP/IP
 Introduction to Network

 Computer network mean an a interconnection between the

collection of autonomous computers.

 Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to

exchange information.

 Network goals are

– resource sharing

– high reliability

– powerful communication medium

 TCP/IP Internet layering model

 TCP/IP software is organized into four conceptual layers that

build on a fifth layer of hardware.

Conceptual Layer
Objects passes between layers
Application Messages or streams
Transport Transport Protocol packets
Internet IP Datagrams

Network Interface Network-Specific Frames

Hardware
A quick look at TCP/IP Networking

Application Network
layer
Application

either ?
Transport
layer TCP UDP

Internet
Internet
layer
layer IP ARP
RARP

Network Token ring

Access layer Ethernet
Physical network
 A quick look at TCP/IP Networking

 Programs can access the network through either TCP or UDP,

depending on program requirements.

– TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.

– UDP is a connectionless protocol

 Then the data segment passes to the internet level, where the IP
protocol provides logical addressing .

 Then the IP datagram enter the network access layer.

DEVICE DRIVERS
 Device Drivers

•
.
A set of functions that manipulates a hardware device

KEYBOARD CPU
DRIVER
KEY BOARD with
FOR
OS A OS A
 History of WDM

 Introduced after Windows 95 launch

 First available in Windows 98

 Now available in Windows 2000

 Is present on Windows ME with enhancements from Windows 98

 Environment

 Portable - binary and source compatible

 Configurable - Avoid direct references to device or system

characteristics

 Preemptible and interruptible

 More than one application will use the driver

 Hot-pluggable buses
Device Drivers - Application

 DEVICE DRIVERS
FOR
STANDARD &
CUSTOM

DEVICES
WISH YOU ALL A GREAT CAREER IN
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS