AI- Course Description

• The application areas of artificial intelligence (AI)

• The techniques and tools used in writing AI applications.
Learn to structure a real-world problem as an AI problem
• Apply the appropriate techniques and tools to solve the
problem
• Prolog/Python language and its use in representing and solving
a logical system.
• Application of AI techniques such as state space search,
heuristic search, optimization techniques, game programming,
expert system development, natural language processing, and
machine learning will be covered in detail.
• The students will be given extensive programming exercises to
provide them opportunity to practice their classroom skills.
  
AI Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
1. Explain artificial intelligence, its characteristics and its
application areas. [C2-Comprehension]
2. Represent knowledge and solve logical problems using first-
order predicate logic. [C3-Application]
3. Formulate real-world problems as state space problems,
optimization problems or constraint satisfaction problems.
[C4-Analysis]
4. Evaluate and apply different algorithms and AI techniques
to solve complex problems, or to select optimal moves in
two-player or multi-player games. [C6-Evaluation]
5. Design and develop an expert system by using appropriate
tools and techniques. [C5-Synthesis]
 What is Intelligence ?
“ability to learn, understand and think”
(Oxford dictionary)
 What is Intelligence???
• Capacity to learn from experience
• Ability to adapt to different contexts
• The use of analyses ability to enhance learning
• Capacity of mind, especially to understand
principles, truths, facts or meanings, acquire
knowledge, and apply it to practice; the ability
to learn and comprehend.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as the branch
of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior.
 IBM Watson

• Watson is an artificially intelligent computer system capable of answering questions

posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team.
•  The computer system was specifically developed to answer questions on the 
quiz show Jeopardy!.
•  In 2011, Watson competed on Jeopardy! against former winners Brad Rutter andKen
Jennings.
• Watson received the first prize of $1 million.
 Vision
• OCR, handwriting recognition
• Face detection/recognition: many
consumer cameras, Apple iPhoto
• Visual search: Google Goggles
• Vehicle safety systems: Mobileye
 Google self-driving cars

• Google’s self-driving car passes 300,000

miles
 Robotics
• Mars rovers
• Autonomous vehicles
– DARPA Grand Challenge
– Google self-driving cars
• Autonomous helicopters
• Robot soccer
– RoboCup
• Personal robotics
– Humanoid robots
– Robotic pets
– Personal assistants?
 Natural Language
• Speech technologies
• Google voice search
• Apple Siri
Machine translation
• translate.google.com
• Comparison of several translation systems
Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence
 Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence- Pros

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

• Intuition/Perception, • Ability to simulate human
Common sense, Judgement, behavior and cognitive
Creativity, Beliefs etc processes
• The ability to demonstrate • Capture and preserve
their intelligence by human expertise
communicating effectively • Fast Response. The ability
• Reasoning and Critical to comprehend large
thinking amounts of data quickly.
 Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence- Cons

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

– Humans are fallible/ • No “common sense”
imperfect • Cannot deal with “mixed”
– They have limited knowledge knowledge
bases • May have high development
– Information processing of costs
serial nature proceed very
• Raise legal and ethical
slowly in the brain as
concerns
compared to computers
• Humans are unable to retain
large amounts of data in
memory.
 AI History & Progress
Paradigm Shift, Expert Systems, People
Paradigm Shift, GPS, People realized that all the realized that software programs can act as
problems can NOT be solved with the same EXPERTS
approach

The name
“Artificial Development of
First work in AI Microworlds
Intelligence” Lisp
1943 1963
coined 1958
1956

Paradigm Shift, ANN, People realized that

software programs can LEARN

Neural Networks AI becomes an Realization of

AI a booming
reinvented Industry hurdles
Industry TODAY
1986 1981

14
 Overview of AI Application Areas
• Game Playing

• Intelligent Tutors- Schools

• Expert Systems

• Medial Chat bots

• Customer Service

• Patient Monitoring and Control

• Robots – 2050 Football World cup

 Overview of AI Application Areas
• Bioengineering

• Search Engines…Google etc

• Web Crawlers

• Computer Vision

• Information Retrieval

• Medical Imaging

• Agricultural Applications- Pest Control

Overview of AI Application Areas
Task classification - Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Ex-1: Searching a path …

Different mice might follow different paths based to their intelligence

In other words: The problem can be solved in many ways
Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence
20
Ex-2: Next number in the sequence …

• Consider the following sequence …

1,3,7,13,21,__
– What is the next number ?

• Key: Adding the next EVEN number …

1+2 = 3; 3+4 = 7; 7+6 = 13; 13+8 =21; 21+10 = 31
1,3,7,13,21,31

Ability to solve problems demonstrates

Intelligence 21
 So, Let’s Summarize…
• Ability to solve problems
• Ability to plan and schedule
• Ability to memorize and process information
• Ability to answer fuzzy questions
• Ability to learn
• Ability to recognize
• Ability to understand
• Ability to perceive
• And many more …

Food for thought: Can only humans beings and animals possess these
qualities?
22
 What if?
• A machine searches through a mesh and finds a path?
• A machine solves problems like the next number in the
sequence?
• A machine develops plans?
• A machine diagnoses and prescribes?
• A machine answers ambiguous questions?
• A machine recognizes fingerprints?
• A machine understands?
• A machine perceives?
• A machine does MANY MORE SUCH THINGS …
• A machine behaves as HUMANS do? HUMANOID!!!
23
 Systems that THINK Like Humans
• “[The automation of] activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision making, problem solving,
learning …” (Bellman, 1978)

• “The exciting new effort to make computers think …

machines with minds, in the full and literal sense”
(Haugeland, 1985)

• “The study of computation that make it possible to perceive,

reason and act” (Winston 1992)

• “The study of mental faculties through the use of

computational models” (Charniak and McDermott) 24
 Systems that ACT Like Humans
• “The art of creating machines that perform functions
that require intelligence when performed by people”
(Kurzweil 1990)
• “The study of how to make computers do things
which, at the moment, people do better” (Rich and
Knight, 1991)
• On the face of it, this definition may appear
simplistic
• However, the term “at the moment” has a
significant time element
25
 Strong and Weak AI
• Strong AI means that machines act
intelligently and they have real conscious
minds.

• Weak AI says that machines can be made to

act as if they are intelligent.
 The Turing Test- Alan Turing
The Turing test measures the performance of an allegedly intelligent
machine against that of a human being, arguably the best and only
standard for intelligent behavior.

Emotional &
Computational Questions

The interrogator is asked to distinguish the computer from the human

being solely on the basis of their answers to questions asked over this
device.

If the interrogator cannot distinguish the machine from the human,

then, Turing argues, the machine may be assumed to be intelligent
 The Turing Test- Alan Turing
1. It attempts to give an objective notion of intelligence, i.e., the
behavior of a known intelligent being in response to a particular
set of questions. This provides a standard for determining
intelligence that avoids the inevitable debates over its “true”
nature.

2. It prevents us from being sidetracked by such confusing and

currently unanswerable questions as whether or not the
computer uses the appropriate internal processes or whether or
not the machine is actually conscious/aware of its actions.

3. It eliminates any bias in favor of living organisms by forcing the

interrogator to focus solely on the content of the answers to
questions.
 The Turing Test- Alan Turing
Become an essential tool in both the development and verification of
modern expert systems. But with following Criticism

1. It does not test abilities requiring perceptual skill or manual

dexterity (skill in performing tasks), even though these are
important components of human intelligence.

2. Perhaps machine intelligence is simply different from human

intelligence and trying to evaluate it in human terms is a
fundamental mistake

3. Do we really wish a machine would do mathematics as slowly

and inaccurately as a human?
 The Turing Test- Objections & Answers
1. Ada Lovelace, argues that computers can only do as they are told
and consequently cannot perform original (hence, intelligent)
actions.
Expert systems especially in the area of diagnostic reasoning, have reached
conclusions unanticipated by their designers. Indeed, a number of researchers
feel that human creativity can be expressed in a computer program.

2. The Argument from Informality of Behavior, asserts the

impossibility of creating a set of rules that will tell an individual
exactly what to do under every possible set of circumstances.
Many modern AI programs consist of a collection of modular components, or
rules of behavior, that do not execute in a rigid order but rather are invoked as
needed in response to the structure of a particular problem instance. Pattern
matchers allow general rules to apply over a range of instances.
 Chinese Room Experiment
The Chinese room argument holds that a digital computer
executing a program cannot be shown to have a "mind", "
understanding" or "consciousness", regardless of how intelligently
or human-like the program may make the computer behave.

With strong AI, machines can actually think and carry out tasks
on their own, just like humans do. With weak AI, the machines
cannot do this on their own and rely heavily on human
interference.

They can process and make independent decisions, while weak AI-

based machines can only simulate human behavior.

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