Stoker7e PPT ch03 - Students

Chapter 3
Atomic Structure and

the Periodic Table
Chapter 3
Chapter Outline
3.1 Internal structure of an atom

3.2 Atomic number and mass number
3.3 Isotopes and atomic masses
3.4 The periodic law and the periodic table
3.5 Metals and nonmetals
3.6 Electron arrangements within atoms
3.7 Electron configurations and orbital diagrams
3.8 The electronic basis for the periodic law and the
periodic table
3.9 Classification of the elements
Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 2

Section 3.1
Internal Structure of an Atom
Subatomic Particle
• Minute particle that is a building block for atoms
• Types
– Electron: Possesses a negative electrical charge
• Found outside the nucleus
– Proton: Carries a positive charge equal to the
electron’s negative charge
– Neutron: Has no charge
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Section 3.1
Table 3.1 - Charge and Mass Characteristics
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Section 3.1
Nucleus
• Small, dense, positively charged center of an
atom
• Contains all protons and neutrons
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Section 3.1
Charge Neutrality of an Atom

• Atom as a whole is electrically neutral
– No net electrical charge
• Number of protons = Number of electrons
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Section 3.1
The subatomic particles of an atom are:
a. protons and neutrons.

b. protons and electrons.
c. neutrons and electrons.
d. protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Section 3.1
The subatomic particles of an atom are:
a. protons and neutrons.

b. protons and electrons.
c. neutrons and electrons.
d. protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Section 3.1
Homework – Exercises and Problems

#1 & #3
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Section 3.2
Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in the

nucleus of an atom
• Mass number (A): Sum of the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Section 3.2
Complete Chemical Symbol Notation
Mass number A
Symbol Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
23
11
Na
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Section 3.2
Element
• Pure substance in which all atoms present have
the same atomic number
– Possess the same chemical properties
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Section 3.2
The atomic number of an atom is:
a. the sum of the number of protons in the nucleus of an

atom.
b. the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
c. obtained from the mass number.
d. the number of protons and the number of electrons in an
atom.
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Section 3.2
The atomic number of an atom is:
a. the sum of the number of protons in the nucleus of an

atom.
b. the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
c. obtained from the mass number.
d. the number of protons and the number of electrons in an
atom.
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Section 3.2

odds #5 - #25
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Section 3.3
Isotopes and Atomic Masses
Isotopes
• Atoms of an element that have the same
number of protons and electrons but different
numbers of neutrons
• Show identical chemical properties
• Physical properties slightly differ as they have
different masses
• Most elements found in nature exist in isotopic
forms
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Section 3.3
Isotopes of Silicon
28 29
14 Si 14 Si
• Number of Protons = 14 • Number of Protons = 14

• Mass number = 28 • Mass number = 29
• Number of Neutrons = 14 • Number of Neutrons = 15
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Section 3.3
Exercise
• A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28

neutrons.
• What is the mass number of this isotope?
• Identify the element.
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Section 3.3
Exercise
• A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28

neutrons.
• What is the mass number of this isotope?
51
• Identify the element.
Vanadium
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Section 3.3
Atomic Masses
• Elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes
12
• Carbon = 98.89% 6C
13
1.11% 6C
<0.01% 14
6C
• Calculated average mass for the isotopes of an

12
element expressed on a scale where 6 C
serves as the reference point
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Section 3.3
Average Atomic Mass for Carbon
98.89% of 12 amu + 1.11% of 13.0034 amu =
(0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13.0034 amu) =
12.01 amu
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Section 3.3
Exercise
• An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope
with mass 186.956 amu and 37.40% of an
isotope with mass 184.953 amu.
• Calculate the average atomic mass and
identify the element.
Average Atomic Mass = 186.207 amu
The element is rhenium (Re).
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Section 3.3
Atoms of an element that contain a different

number of neutrons are known as:
a. nucleophiles.
b. isotopes.
c. isophiles.
d. neutrophiles.
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Section 3.3
Atoms of an element that contain a different

number of neutrons are known as:
a. nucleophiles.
b. isotopes.
c. isophiles.
d. neutrophiles.
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Section 3.3

odds #27 - #41
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Section 3.4
The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
• Periodic law
– When elements are arranged in order of increasing
atomic number, elements with similar chemical
properties occur at periodic intervals
• Periodic table: Tabular arrangement of the
elements in order of increasing atomic number
– Elements having similar chemical properties are
positioned in vertical columns
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Section 3.4
The Periodic Table

• Periods: Horizontal rows of elements
• Groups: Vertical columns of elements that have
similar chemical properties
– Groups with non-numerical names
• Alkali metal (IA)
• Alkaline earth metal (IIA)
• Halogen (VIIA)
• Noble gas (VIIIA)
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Section 3.4
Figure 3.3 - The Periodic Table
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Section 3.4
Elements are arranged in the periodic table

according to:
a. increasing number of neutrons.

b. increasing number of neutrons and protons.
c. increasing atomic number.
d. increasing atomic mass unit.
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Section 3.4
Elements are arranged in the periodic table

according to:
a. increasing number of neutrons.

b. increasing number of neutrons and protons.
c. increasing atomic number.
d. increasing atomic mass unit.
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Section 3.4

odds #43 - #55
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Section 3.5
Metals and Nonmetals
Metal
• Element that has the
characteristic properties
of:
– Luster
– Thermal conductivity
– Electrical conductivity
– Malleability
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Section 3.5
Nonmetal
• Element characterized
by the absence of the
properties of a metal
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Section 3.5
Table 3.3 - Selected Physical Properties of Metals and

Nonmetals
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Section 3.5
Figure 3.6 - Dividing Line Between Metals and Nonmetals
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Section 3.5
Differences between metals and nonmetals are:

a. metals conduct electricity while nonmetals do not.
b. metals are generally solids while nonmetals exist as
gases, liquid, or solids.
c. metals are malleable while nonmetals are brittle in the
solid state.
d. all of these.
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Section 3.5
Differences between metals and nonmetals are:

a. metals conduct electricity while nonmetals do not.
b. metals are generally solids while nonmetals exist as
gases, liquid, or solids.
c. metals are malleable while nonmetals are brittle in the
solid state.
d. all of these.
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Section 3.5

odds #57 - #65
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Section 3.6
Electron Arrangements Within Atoms
Electron Shell
• Region of space around a nucleus that contains
electrons that:
– Have approximately the same energy
– Spend most of their time approximately the same
distance from the nucleus
• Electrons that occupy the first electron shell are
closer to the nucleus and have a lower energy
than electrons in the second electron shell
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Section 3.6
Electron Subshell
• Region of space within an electron shell that
contains electrons that have the same energy
Subshell Number of Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
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Section 3.6
Electron Orbital
• Region of space within an electron subshell
where an electron with a specific energy is most
likely to be found
• Can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons
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Section 3.6
Electron Orbital
Subshell Number of Orbitals
s 1
p 3
d 5
f 7
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Section 3.6
Figure 3.8 - Electron Orbitals
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Section 3.6
Figure 3.9 - Orbitals Within the Same Subshell Differ in

Orientation
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Section 3.6
Electron Spin
• As an electron moves about within an orbital, it
spins on its own axis in either a clockwise or a
counterclockwise direction
• When two electrons are present in an orbital,
they always have opposite spins
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Section 3.6
The space in which electrons move rapidly about a

nucleus is divided into:
a. shells and subshells.

b. shells, subshells, and orbitals.
c. shells and orbitals.
d. subshells and orbitals.
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Section 3.6
The space in which electrons move rapidly about a

nucleus is divided into:
a. shells and subshells.

b. shells, subshells, and orbitals.
c. shells and orbitals.
d. subshells and orbitals.
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Section 3.6

odds #67 - #75
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Section 3.7
Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams
Rules for Assigning Electrons to Various Shells, Subshells, and

Orbitals
1. Electron subshells are filled in order of
increasing energy
2. Electrons occupy the orbitals of a subshell such
that each orbital acquires one electron before
any orbital acquires a second electron
– All electrons in such singly occupied orbitals must
have the same spin
3. No more than two electrons may exist in a
given orbital
– Only if they have opposite spins
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Section 3.7
Figure 3.10 - Subshell Energy Order
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Section 3.7
Figure 3.11 - Electron Configurations
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Section 3.7
Electron Configuration
• Statement of how many electrons an atom has
in each of its electron subshells
• Nitrogen atom has an electron arrangement of:
– Two electrons in the 1s subshell
– Two electrons in the 2s subshell
– Three electrons in the 2p subshell
• Nitrogen: 1s22s22p3
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Section 3.7
Orbital Diagram
• Notation that shows how many electrons an
atom has in each of its occupied electron
orbitals.
Nitrogen: 1s22s22p3
Nitrogen: 1s 2s 2p
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Section 3.7
Exercise
• Determine the expected electron configurations

for each of the following.
a. S
b. Ba
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Section 3.7
Exercise
• Determine the expected electron configurations

for each of the following.
a. S
1s22s22p63s23p4
b. Ba
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p66s2
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Section 3.7
The electron configuration of sodium is .
a. 1s21s2p63s1
b. 1s22s22p63s1
c. 1s22s22p7
d. 1s22s12p63s1
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Section 3.7
The electron configuration of sodium is .
a. 1s21s2p63s1
b. 1s22s22p63s1
c. 1s22s22p7
d. 1s22s12p63s1
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Section 3.7

odds #77 - #89
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Section 3.8
The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
• Electron arrangement in the outermost shell is

the same for elements in the same group
– Elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties
• Group IA
– 3Li: 1s22s1
– 11Na: 1s22s22p63s1
– 19 K: 1s 2
2s2
2p 6
3s2
3p6
4s 1
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Section 3.8
Figure 3.12 - Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
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Section 3.8
Distinguishing Electron
• Last electron added to the electron configuration
for an element when electron subshells are filled
in order of increasing energy
• Last electron causes an element’s electron
configuration to differ from that of an element
immediately preceding it in the periodic table
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Section 3.8
Columns in the periodic table are known as

groups. Elements in groups have similar chemical
properties because they contain the same number
of:
a. total electrons.
b. protons.
c. outer shell valence electrons.
d. neutrons.
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Section 3.8
Columns in the periodic table are known as

groups. Elements in groups have similar chemical
properties because they contain the same number
of:
a. total electrons.
b. protons.
c. outer shell valence electrons.
d. neutrons.
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Section 3.8

odds #91 - #97
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Section 3.9
Classification of the Elements
1. System based on selected physical properties

of the elements
– Elements are described as metals or nonmetals
2. System based on the electron configurations of
the elements
– Elements are described as noble-gas,
representative, transition, or inner transition
elements
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Section 3.9
Figure 3.13 - Classification Scheme on the Periodic

Table
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Section 3.9
Elements in groups I and II are referred to as:

a. p area elements.
b. d area elements.
c. f area elements.
d. s area elements.
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Section 3.9
Elements in groups I and II are referred to as:

a. p area elements.
b. d area elements.
c. f area elements.
d. s area elements.
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Section 3.9

odds #99 - #103
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Chapter 3
Concept Question 1
Consider two elements: One is a gas and the other

is a solid. Each contain identical number of
electrons in their outer shell.
These elements are _____ and _____. They
contain _____ and _____ neutrons, respectively.
a. F; I; 10; 74
b. N; S; 14; 32
c. O; S; 16; 32
d. F; I; 19; 127
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Chapter 3
Concept Question 1
Consider two elements: One is a gas and the other

is a solid. Each contain identical number of
electrons in their outer shell.
These elements are _____ and _____. They
contain _____ and _____ neutrons, respectively.
a. F; I; 10; 74
b. N; S; 14; 32
c. O; S; 16; 32
d. F; I; 19; 127
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Chapter 3
Concept Question 2
You are asked to determine the composition of a gas. There are
three components with three different applications. They all have
the same atomic number, but the number of neutrons is zero,
one, and two, respectively. One of the components is used as a
radioactive tracer in biological experimentation. Identify the gas
you were given. How are the three components referred? What
are the names of each component?
a. Carbon; isotopes; carbon-12; carbon-13; and carbon-14

b. Hydrogen; isotopes; protium; deuterium; and tritium
c. Hydrogen; elements; protium; deuterium; and tritium
d. Oxygen; elements; oxygen-8; oxygen-15; and oxygen-16
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Chapter 3
Concept Question 2
You are asked to determine the composition of a gas. There are
three components with three different applications. They all have
the same atomic number, but the number of neutrons is zero,
one, and two, respectively. One of the components is used as a
radioactive tracer in biological experimentation. Identify the gas
you were given. How are the three components referred? What
are the names of each component?
a. Carbon; isotopes; carbon-12; carbon-13; and carbon-14

b. Hydrogen; isotopes; protium; deuterium; and tritium
c. Hydrogen; elements; protium; deuterium; and tritium
d. Oxygen; elements; oxygen-8; oxygen-15; and oxygen-16
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Chapter 3

Atomic Structure and

3.1 Internal structure of an atom

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 2

Internal Structure of an Atom

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 3

Internal Structure of an Atom

Table 3.1 - Charge and Mass Characteristics

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 4

Internal Structure of an Atom

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 5

Internal Structure of an Atom

Charge Neutrality of an Atom

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 6

Internal Structure of an Atom

The subatomic particles of an atom are:

a. protons and neutrons.

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 7

Internal Structure of an Atom

The subatomic particles of an atom are:

a. protons and neutrons.

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 8

Internal Structure of an Atom

Homework – Exercises and Problems

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 9

Atomic Number and Mass Number

• Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in the

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 10

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Complete Chemical Symbol Notation

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 11

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 12

Atomic Number and Mass Number

The atomic number of an atom is:

a. the sum of the number of protons in the nucleus of an

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 13

Atomic Number and Mass Number

The atomic number of an atom is:

a. the sum of the number of protons in the nucleus of an

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 14

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Homework – Exercises and Problems

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 15

Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 16

Isotopes and Atomic Masses

• Number of Protons = 14 • Number of Protons = 14

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Isotopes and Atomic Masses

• A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28

• Identify the element.

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 18

Isotopes and Atomic Masses

• A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28

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Isotopes and Atomic Masses

• Calculated average mass for the isotopes of an

Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 20