COMPUTER SYSTEM

FLORENCIO A. BACANI
 INPUT DEVICES

 An input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or information appliance.

 Part of a computer system that sends data or instructions to the computer for processing
List of input devices:
 keyboard
 Touch-sensitive screens and touch pads
 Magnetic Ink character recognition
 Optical mark reading
 Scanners and optical character recognition
 Mice, trackballs and similar devices
 Voice data entry
 Barcode and QR codes
 Digital Cameras
 Keyboard

 Keyboard is the most common and very popular input

device which helps to input data to the computer. the
layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter,
although there are some additional keys provided for
performing additional function.

 keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys,

but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also
available for windows and internet.

 Most keyboards have qwerty layout.

 Touch-sensitive screens and touch pads

 A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an

input device. the screens are sensitive to pressure; a user
interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on
the screen

 The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with

what is displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad,or
other such devices (other than a stylus, which is optional for
most modern touchscreen).

 The display is often an LCD or OLED display while the

system is ussualy a laptop, tablet, or smartphone.
 A touchpad or trackpad is a pointing device featuring a
tactile sensor, a specialized surface that can translate
the motion and position on the operating syste that is
made output to the screen.

 touchpads are a common feature of laptop computers

as opposed to using a mouse on a desktop, and are
also used as a substitute for a mouse where desk space
is scarce.
 Magnetic Ink character recognition

 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) is

technology used to verify the legitimacy or originality of
paper document, especially checks.

 Special ink, which is sensitive to magnetic fieds, is used

in the printing of a certain charaters on the original
documents.

 Typically contains iron oxide particles that are

magnetized and can be ready using specialized
equipment that is compatible with magnetic ink character
recognition (MICR) technology
 Optical mark reading

 Optical mark reading (OMR) is a method of entering data into a

computer system.

 optical mark readers reads pencil or pen marks made in pre-

defined positions on paper forms as responses to questions or
tick list prompts.
 Scanners and optical character recognition

 A scanner is an input device that scans documents

such as photographs and pages of text.

 scanners work in conjunction with computer

software programs, which import data from the
scanner.

 most scanners include basic scanning software that

allows the user to configure, initiate, and import
scans.
 Optical character recognition is a technology that enables
you to convert different types of documens, such as scanned
paper documents, PDF files or images captured by a digital
camera into editable and searchable data.

 Optical character recognition OCR can be used for a

variety of applications,including : scanning printed documents
into versions that can be edited with word processors, like
microsoft word or google docs. indexing print material for
serch engines. automating data entry, extraction and
processing.
 Mice, trackballs and simillar devices

 A computer mouse (plural mice, rarely mouses) is a hand-

held pointing device that detects two dimensional motion
relative to a surface. this motion is typically translated into the
motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control
of the graphical user interface of a computer.

 Mice originally used a ball rolling on a surface to detect

motion, but modern mice often have optical sensors that have
no moving parts.

 The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a

computer system was in 1968.
 A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a
socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball
about two axes- like an upside down mouse with an exposed
protruding ball.

 there are several anvantages a trackball has over a mouse.

unlike a mouse, a trackball can be used in the same way
whether you're left handed or right handed. buttons can also
be programed tp suit your needs no matter what hand you're
using.
 A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots
on a base and reorts its angle or direction to the device it is
controlling.

 The joystick, which got its name from the cotrol stick used
by a pilot to control the ailerons and elevators of an
airplane, is a hand-held lever that pivots on one end and
transmits its coordinates to a computer.
 Barcode and QR codes

 a barcode is a method of representing data in a

visual, machine-readable form. initially barcodes
represented data by vrying the widths andspacings
of parallel lines.

 A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that

contains information about the item to which it is
attached

 the easiest way to read a barcode is by using a

scanner, either on your phone o at a store.
 A QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is a type
of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed
in 1994 for the automotive industry in japan.

 In practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator, identifier,

or tracker that points to a website or application.

 QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric,

alphanumeric,byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiency;
extensions my also be used.
 Digital cameras
 A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in a
memory. most cameras produced today are digital, and while
there are still dedicated digital cameras, many more cameras
are now incorporated into mobile device like smartphones,
which can, among many other purposes, use their cameras to
initiate live video-telphony and directly edit and upload image
to others.

 Digital and digital movie cameras share an optical system,

typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light
onto an image pickup device.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

 An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into
human-readable form. it can be text, graphics, tactile, audio and video. some of the output devices are
visual display units i.e. a monitor, printer, graphic output devices, plotters, speakers etc.

 Part of a computer system that receives the processed data from the computer and presents in some
way.
List of output devices:
 Monitor
 Printers
 Speakers and headsets
 Projector
 Monitor

 A computer monitor is an output device that displays

information in pictorial form. a monitor usually comprises
the visual display, circuitry, casing, and power supply.

 The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin

film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) with LED
backlighting having replaced cold-cathode fluorescent
lamp (CCFL) backlighting.
 Printers

 A printer is a peripheral machine which makes a

persistent representation of graphics or text, usually on
paper. while most human-readable, bar code printers are
an example of an expanded use for printers.

 the different types of printers include 3D printer, inkjet

printer, laser printer, thermal printer, etc.
 Speakers and headsets
 Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are
speakers sold for use with computers, although usually
capable of other audio uses, e.g for an MP3 player.

 most such speakers have an internal amplifier and

consequently require a power source, which may be by a
mains power supply often via an AC adapter, batteries, or
a usb port.

 most sophiscated computer speakers can have a

subwoofer unit, to enhance bass output.
 A headset combines a headphone with microphone.
Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or
a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo)

 Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a

telephone handset but with handsfree operation. they have
many uses including in call cnters and other telephone-
intensive jobs and for anybody wishing to have both hands
free during a telephone conversation.
 Projector

 A projector or image projector is an optical device that

projects an image (or moving images) onto a surface,
commonly a projection screen.

 most projectors create an image by shinning a light

through a transparent lens, but some newer types of
projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers.

 the most common type of projector used today is called a

video projector. Video projectors are digital replacements
for erlier types of projectors such as slide projectors and
overhead projectors.
 STORAGE DEVICES

 Computer data storage is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that
are used to retain digital data. it is a core function and fundamental component computers.

 Part of a computer system that stores data for a later use.

List of storage devices:
 Primary Storage (Internal Memory)
a. Ram
b. ROM
 Secondary Storage (External Memory)
a. Flash Memory (USB flash drives)
b. Floppy Disks
c. CD
d. DVD
e. Blue Ray
f. Magnetic tape
 Tertiary Storage
 Off-line storage
 Primary storage (Internal Memory)

 Primary storage is a key component of a computer system that enables it to function. primary storage
includes random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache and flash memory. each of
these have different uses within the computer.
 RAM

 Radom access memory (RAM) is a form of computer memory that

can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store
working data and machine code.

 A random access memory device allow data items to be read or

written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory.

 RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect

the data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the
entry.
 ROM

 ROM is an acronym for Read Only Memory. it refers to computer

memory chips containing permanent or semi permanent data.

 Unlike RAM , ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your
computer, the contents of ROM will remain. almost every computer
comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware.

 Originally, ROM was actually read-only. to update the programs in

ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips
 Secondary Storage (External Memory)

 Secondary storage is a non-volatile, long term storage. without secondary storage all programs and
data would be lost the moment the computer is switched off. however, not all computers require
secondary storage. embedded computers, such as those found in a washing machine or central heating
system, do not need to store data when the power is turned off.
Flash Memory (USB flash drives)

 Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory

storage medium that can be electrically erased and
reprogrammed. the two main types of flash memory, NOR flash
and NAND flash, are named after the NOR and NAND logic
gates.

 flash memory is a type of floating-gate memory that was

invented at toshiba in 1980, based on EEPROM technology.
 Floppy Disks

 A floppy disk or floppy diskette is a type of disk storage composed

of a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic storage medium in a square
or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes
dust particles from the spinning disk.

 The first floppy disks, invened and made by IBM, had a disk
diameter of 8 inches (203 mm). subsequently 5 1/4 inch (133 mm)
and then 3 1/2 inch (90 mm) became a ubuquitus form of data
storage and transfer into the first years of the 21st century.

 Floppy disks are read from and written to by a floppy disk drive
(FDD).
 CD
 Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format
that was co-developed by philips and sony and released in 1982.
the format was originally developed to store and play only digital
audio recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of
data.

 Standard CDs have a diameter of 120mm (4.7 in) and are

designed to hold up to 74 minutes of uncompressed stereo
digital audio or about 650 MiB of data. capacity is routinely
extended to 80 minutes and 700 MiB by arranging more data
closely on the same sized disc.
 DVD

 DVD (abbreviation for Digital Versatille Disc or Digital Video

Disc) is a digital optical disc data storage format invented and
developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. the medium can
store any kind of digital data and was widely used for software
and other computer files as well as video programs watched
using DVD players.

 DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while

having the same dimensions.
 BLU RAY

 Blu-ray disc, oten known simply as Blu-ray, is a digital optical

disc storage format. it is designed to supersed the DVD format,
capable of storing several hours of video in high-definition.

 The name blu-ray refers to the blue laser (which is a violet laser)
used to read the dic, which allows information to be stored at a
greater density than is possiblewith the longer wavelength red
laser used for DVDs.
 Magnetic tape

 Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a

thin, magnetizable coating on along, narrow strip of plastic film.

 it was develoed in germany in 1928, bsed on magnetic wire

recording. devices that record and playback audio and video
using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape recorders
respectively.
 Tertiary Storage

 Tertiary storage or tertiary memory is a level below secondary storage. typically, it involves a robotic
mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage
device according to the system's demands; such data are often copied to secondary storage before
use.
 Off-line storage

 Offline storage refers to any storage medium that must be physically inserted into a system every time
a users wants to access or edit data. offline storage can be any type of internal or external storage that
can easily be removed from the computer. offline storage is also known as removable storage.
LATEST OPERATING SYSTEM OF
WINDOWS,LINIX AND MAC
 WINDOWS

 As of october 2020, the most recent version of windows for PCs,

tablets and embedded devices is windows 10, version 20H2.

 the most recent vesion for server computers is windows sercer,

version 20H2. A specialized version of windows also runs on the
Xbox one video game console.
 macOS

 The latest version of macOS is macOS 11.0 Big sur, which

apple releases a new major version roughly once every year.
these upgrades are free and now are available in the Mac app
store.

 This is the sixteenthmajor release of the Mac operating

system