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Presented By:-Priyanjali Saini

The document discusses the structure and components of the human skeletal system. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones provide structure, protect organs, and allow movement. There are 206 individual bones that make up the skeletal system. Bones are living tissues composed of cells and a mineralized matrix. The three main cell types that make up bones are osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bones can be classified based on their histology, maturity, development, shape, and location in the axial or appendicular skeleton.

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56 views32 pages

Presented By:-Priyanjali Saini

The document discusses the structure and components of the human skeletal system. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones provide structure, protect organs, and allow movement. There are 206 individual bones that make up the skeletal system. Bones are living tissues composed of cells and a mineralized matrix. The three main cell types that make up bones are osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bones can be classified based on their histology, maturity, development, shape, and location in the axial or appendicular skeleton.

Uploaded by

Priyanjali Saini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Presented by:-

Priyanjali Saini
Introduction:-
 The framework of bones &cartilage that protects our organs &allow us to move is called the skeletal
system.
 It consists of 30-40 % of our body weight.
 In an adult body it is made up of 206 individual bones.
 In feotus has 306 bones after that some bones are fuse together.
Components of human skeleton
 Human skeleton is composed of 3main components bones, cartilage and joints.
 BONES- Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body.
An adult body is made up of 206 individual bones.

 CARTILAGES- cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not tough and rigid as bone.

 JOINTS-- joints are important component of human skeleton because they make human skeleton mobile.

 Ligaments – which is usually connect BONES to BONES.

 Tendons-- which join muscles to bones. It form link skeletal and the muscular system.
Structure of bone:-
 GROSS ANATOMY OF BONE:- the structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the
parts of a bone:-
 DIAPHYSIS- It is the part of bone which ossified from the primary centre and forms the shaft of bone. It
is composed of compact bone with a central medullary canal, containing fatty yellow bone marrow.
 EPIPHYSIS- It is the rounded end of any long Bone wherein the other bones are joins. It consists of an
outer covering of compact Bone with spongy bone ( cancellous bone), containing red Bone marrow.
 EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE- It is a plate of cartilage which seprate the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Epiphyseal cartilage persists till the bone is growing when the full length is achieved, epiphyseal cartilage
is replaced by bone & further growth stops.
 METAPHYSIS- It is the area in which the shaft of the bone joins the epiphyseal growth plate. It has a rich
blood supply derived from nutrient.nutrient arteries from pin head like capillary loops in the metaphysis.
Covering layer of bone:-
PERISTONEUM:- Long bones are almost completly covered by s vascular membrane the
periosteum,which has two layer-
 The outer layer is tough & fibrous & protects the bone underneath.
 The inner layer contains osteoblasts &osteoclast ,the cells responsible for bone production &
breakdown.
HYALINE CARTILAGE- It replaces periosteum on bone surface that form joints.
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF LONG BONE:-
 There are 4sets of blood vessels:-
1. Nutrient artery- it supply to the bone
marrow & inner 2/3 of cortex.
2. Metaphyseal artery- they are also know as
juxta epiphyseal arteries.
3. Epiphyseal arteries
4. Periosteal arteries
MICROSCOPIC STURCTURE OF BONE:-

 Bones are made up of cells &intercellur matrix. Cellular component is 2%of bone mass.
Matrix is made up of 40% organic substances consisting mainly of collagen and 60%
inorganic salts of calcium ,& phosphate.
On the basis of microscopic structure it based on two parts:-
1. Cellular component
. Osteoblasts
. Osteoclasts
. Osteocytes
2. Matrix
OSTEOBLASTS:-
 These are the cells that form newbone.
 They are come from the bone marrow and related to structural cells.
 They have only one nucleus.
 They work in team to build bone.
 They produce newbone called “osteoid” which is made of bone collagen and other protein.
 They regulate passage of calcium into &out of the bone.
OSTEOCYTES:-
 These are cells inside the bone
 They also come from osteoblasts.
 Some of the osteoblasts turn into osteocytes.
 These are the mature bone cells that monitor & maintain bone tissue and are nourished by tissue
fluid inthe canaliculi.
OSTEOCLASTS:-
 They are large cells that dissolve the bone.
 Their fun. Is reabsorption of bone to maintain the optimum shape.
 This take place at bone surface.
 Under ther periosteum , to maintain the shape of bones during growth &to remove excess callus
formed during healing of fracture.
 A fine balance of osteoblast &osteoclast activity maintains normal bone structure & functions.
MATRIX:-
 Bones are composed of bone matrix , which has both organic & inorganic components.
 Bone matrix is laid down by osteoblast as collagen also known as osteoid.
 Osteoid is hardend with inorganic salts such as calcium and phosphate.
 The basic microscopic unit of bone is an osteon ( or haversian system )
 Osteon are roughly cylindrical structure that can measure several millimetres long &around 0.2mm in
dia.
 Each osteon consist of a lamella of compact Bone tissue that surround a central canal ( haversian canal)
 The haversian canal contain the bone’s blood supply.
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION OF BONES:-
1. Based on histology:- compact bone , spongy bone.
2. Based on maturity:- mature/lamellar bone , immature/ woven bone.
3. Based on manner of development:- cartilage bone, membrane bone.
4. Based on shape:-
5. Based on different region:-
Based on hitology:-
 COMPACT BONE:- It is also known as cortical bone is a denser material used to create much of the hard
Structure of the skeleton.
 It stores yellow bone marrow .
 It is formed from a number osteon, which are circular units of bone material &blood vessels.
 The compact bone is the main structure in the body for support, protection & movement.

 SPONGY BONE:- The spongy bone also known as cancellous bone or trabecular bone , is a very porous
type of bone found in animals.
 It is highly vascularized &contains red Bone marrow.
 They usually located at the epiphyseal of Bone.
 Spongy Bone contains red Bone marrow that is used in erythropoiesis.
Based on maturity:-
 Mature/ lamellar bone:- lamellar bone makes up the
compact or cortical bone in the skeleton, such as the
long bones of the legs and arms.

 Immature /woven bone:- woven bone is found on the


growing ends of an immature skeleton or in adults , at
the sites of a healing fracture.
Based on manner of development:-
 CARTILAGE BONE:- cartilage is an important structural components of the body . It is a firm tissue but is
softer and much more flexible than bone. Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body
including :-
 Joints between bones
 Ends of the ribs.
 Between the vertebrae in the spine
 Ears &nose
 Brinchial tubes or airways

 There are 3types of cartilage:-


 Hyaline cartilage
 Elastic cartilage
 Fivrocartilage
 MEMBRANE BONE:- It also known as dermal bone. It is formed by connective tissue i.e. Some face bone ,
skull bone etc.
Based on shape:-

 Bones can be classified into the following according to shape:-


 LONG BONE:- these consist of a shaft & two extremities. As the name suggests, these bones are longer
than they are wide. For ex- humerus, femur, radius, ulna,tibia &fibula.
 SHORT BONE:-These bones are short &can be of any shape. For ex- carpal &tarsal bones.
 FLAT BONES:-These bones are flat in appearance.For ex- scapula, ribs & sternum, parietal bones &frontal
bones.
 IRREGULAR BONES:-These bones are completly irregular in shape. For ex- vertebrae, hipbones & bones
in the base of skull.
 PNEUMATIC BONES:- These are similar to irregular bone &have air filled cavities in them. For ex-
maxilla, ethmoid &sphenoid.
 SEASAMOID BONES:- These bone’s develop in the tendon of a muscles. Ex- patella.
Based on region :-
 There are total 206 bones in adult human body. It forms the structural framework of the body. It can be
studied in two parts:-
 AXIAL SKELETON:-In axial Skeleton system have total no of 80 bones. There have this includes bones
–
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Ribs and sternum
 Hyoid bone
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON:- It has total no. Of 126 bones. It consists of following bones and
extremeties i.e.
 Upper limb along with shoulder girdle
 Lower limb along with pelvic girdle.

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