Research Summary

RESEARCH TITLE
THE RESEARCH TITLE SHOULD:
• Summarize the main idea of the paper

• Concise statement of the topic
• Include major variables and shows the relationship
• Mentions the participants/respondents of the study
Considerations In Formulating Research Problems
A. External Criteria
Novelty, Availability of Subjects, Administrative Support,
Availability and Adequacy of Facilities and Equipment, Ethical Considerations
B. Internal Criteria
Experience, Training and Professional Qualifications, Motivation, Interest and
Perceptiveness, Time factor, Cost and Returns, Hazards and Penalties, and Handicaps
THE BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
- introduces the research problem, clarify important variables, discuss its

delimitations, and specify its significance of the field study.
ELEMENTS
• Introduction
• Statement of the Problem
• Scope and Delimitation
• Significance of the Study
General Types Of Questions
• Non-researchable Questions
- questions of value
- answerable by YES or NO
• Researchable Questions
- questions of value, opinions, or policy raised to gather data
Types Of Research Questions
• Factor-Isolating Question - they isolate, categorize, describe or name factors and situations
• Factor-Relating Question - determines the relationship among factors that have been identified
• Situation-Relating Questions - yields hypotheses testing or experimental study designs
• Situation-Producing Questions – establishes explicit goals for actions, develop plans, and specify
the conditions under which these goals will be accomplished.
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
- a process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchershave written on

a certain topic.
 Look for relevant materials

 Actual reading and note taking
 Annotations (analytical reading and comparative reading)
 Standard Citations and Referencing Style
 Review of related Studies
CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- serves as the foundation of the study

- relevant theories must be provided
- largely based on theories combined with other parts of another theory
PARADIGM - a diagrammatic presentation of the study

- a model which contains particular elements
HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
HYPOTHESIS
- a tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables in a
population under study
ASSUMPTION
- propositions taken to be true based upon the presupposition without
preponderance of the facts
COLLECTING DATA
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Research Design - experimental, non-experimental

• Respondents of the Study - target population and the sample frame
• Instrument of the Study - questionnaire, checklist, interview
• Establishing and Validating Reliability - instrument must pass the validity and reliability test
• Statistical Treatment – subjecting the data to different but appropriate statistical formulas and
processes.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
POPULATION
- composed of persons that possess some common characteristics
SAMPLE POPULATION
- a subset of the entire population or a group of individuals that represents the
population and serves as the respondents of the study
Statistic - numeric characteristic of a sample
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE SAMPLE
SIZE
1. Homogeneity of the population

The higher the degree of variation within the population, the smaller the sample size that can be
utilized.
2. Degree of precision desired by the researcher
A large sample size will result in greater precision or accuracy of results.
3. Types of sampling procedure
Probability sampling utilizes smaller ample sizes than non-probability sampling.
4. The use of formulas
Slovin’s Formula, Calmorin’s Formula
KINDS OF SAMPLING
1. Probability Sampling - type of sampling in which all members of the population are given a
chance of being selected.
a. Simple Random Sampling - samples are drawn by chance
- roulette wheel, fishbowl technique, table of random numbers
b. Stratified Random Sampling - population is divided into different strata then sampling
follows
- age, gender, educational attainment
c. Cluster Sampling - used in large scale studies in which the population is geographically
spread out.
d. Systematic Sampling - a method of selectin every nth of the population
2. Non-probability Sampling - process of selecting respondents in which the numbers of the
population do have equal chance of being selected as samples.
a. Convenience Sampling – also called accidental or incidental sampling
- researcher tends to choose respondents
b. Quota Sampling - population is divided homogenous strata and then sample
elements are selected from each stratum
c. Purposive Sampling - also called judgmental sampling for it involves handpicking of
the respondents/subjects
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
1. Documentary Analysis - used to analyze primary and secondary sources that are available.
Data gathered tend to be incomplete and not conclusive.
2. Interview
a. Unstructured Interview - free-wheeling exchange of ideas.
b. Structured Interview - questioning follows a particular sequence and has a well-
defined content
c. Semi-structured - there is a specific set of questions but there are also additional probes
that can be done
3. Observation - must be done in a quiet and inconspicuous manner to get realistic data
a. Structured - uses a checklist as a data collection tool
b. Unstructured - researcher observes things as they happen
4. Questionnaires - list of questions with spaces provided for an answer. Yields more
honest responses.
a. Structured - provide possible answers and respondents selects from it.
b. Unstructured - do not provide options, respondents are free to give whatever
answer they want.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
a. Yes or No Type
b. Recognition Type - alternative answers are already provided
c. Completion Type - respondents are asked to fill in the blanks with the necessary
information.
d. Coding Type - numbers are assigned to choices or other pertinent data (statistical formula is necessary)
e. Subjective Type - respondents are free to give their opinions about an issue of concern
f. Combination type
WORDING OF QUESTIONS
1. State questions in affirmative rather than in a negative manner

2. Avoid ambiguous questions
3. Avoid double negative questions
e.g. Don’t you disagree with the idea that minors be not allowed to drink liquors?
4. Avoid double-barreled questions (asking two questions in one questions)
e.g. Do you want to run for the Student Council and aim to be valedictorian?
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD DATA-COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
1. It must be concise but able to elicit the needed data.

( 2pages, 10 minute to answer, question is less than 20 words – Shelly 1984))
2. Seeks information that cannot be obtained with documents that are available at hand.
3. Questions must ne arranged in sequence, from the simplest to the complex.
4. Should pass validity and reliability
5. Easily tabulated and interpreted.
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN AN INSTRUMENT
a. Likert Scale
- common scaling technique which consists of several declarative statements and
respondents are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree.
b. Semantic Differential Scale
- respondents are asked to rate concepts in a series of bipolar adjectives
e.g. Description of the president
Competent 5 4 3 2 1 Incompetent
Punctual 5 4 3 2 1 Not Punctual

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
VALIDITY
- the ability of an instrument to measure what it intends to measure.
a. Face Validity - logical validity; an analysis of whether the instrument is using a valid scale
b. Content Validity - questions should ne able to elicit the necessary information.
c. Construct Validity - tests should corresponds to its theoretical construct
d. Criterion-related Validity - an expression of how scores from the test are correlated with
an external criterion
RELIABILITY
- refers to the consistency of results. A reliable instrument yields the same results for
individual who take the test more than once.
a. Test-Retest - same test is given to a group of respondents twice
b. Internal Consistency - items sought must be correlated with each other
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
StatisticS - body of knowledge and techniques used in collecting, organizing, presenting,

analyzing, and interpreting data.
TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS - involves tabulating, depicting, and describing the collected
data.
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS - includes hypothesis testing and sampling.
- uses advanced mathematical modes such as parametric and non-parametric statistical
tools
COMMON DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL TOOLS
1. Frequency Distribution - a record of the number of individuals located in each category on the
scale of measurement.
2. Proportion - total frequency divided by the number of cases in each category.
3. Percentage - proportion expressed in percentage
4. Measure of central tendencies - indicates where the center of the distribution tends to be
located. It refers to the typical or average score in a distribution
5. Variability or Dispersion - the extent and manner in which the scores in a distribution differ
from each other.

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RESEARCH TITLE

THE RESEARCH TITLE SHOULD:

• Summarize the main idea of the paper

- introduces the research problem, clarify important variables, discuss its

- a process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchershave written on

 Look for relevant materials

- serves as the foundation of the study

PARADIGM - a diagrammatic presentation of the study

• Research Design - experimental, non-experimental

1. Homogeneity of the population

1. State questions in affirmative rather than in a negative manner

1. It must be concise but able to elicit the needed data.

Punctual 5 4 3 2 1 Not Punctual

StatisticS - body of knowledge and techniques used in collecting, organizing, presenting,

TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

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