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Methods of Proof

1) A proof establishes the truth of a theorem by providing a valid argument. There are different types of proofs like direct proofs. 2) Direct proofs show that if the premise is true, then the conclusion must also be true by demonstrating the combination of a true premise and false conclusion never occurs. 3) Exercises provide examples of using direct proofs to show properties of integers, rational numbers, and their operations are true.

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Mahnoor Aslam
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147 views14 pages

Methods of Proof

1) A proof establishes the truth of a theorem by providing a valid argument. There are different types of proofs like direct proofs. 2) Direct proofs show that if the premise is true, then the conclusion must also be true by demonstrating the combination of a true premise and false conclusion never occurs. 3) Exercises provide examples of using direct proofs to show properties of integers, rational numbers, and their operations are true.

Uploaded by

Mahnoor Aslam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of proof

Introduction
Proof:
A proof is valid argument that establishes the truth of the theorem (as
the conclusion)
DIRECT PROOF:
• The implication p →q can be proved by showing that if p is true, the q
must also be true. This shows that the combination p true and q false
never occurs. A proof of this kind is called a direct proof.
• An integer n is even if, anad only if, n=2k for some integer k.
k=2
6=3.2
An integer n is odd if, and only if, n=2k+1 for some integer k.
k=3
7=2.3+1
• An integer n is prime if, and only if, n > 1 and for all positive integers r
and s, if n = r·s, then r = 1 or s = 1.

• An integer n > 1 is composite if, and only if, n = r·s for some positive
integers r and s with r ≠ 1 and s ≠ 1.
• Example
8 is a composite number because
8=4.2
• . A real number r is rational if, and only if, a b for some integers a and
b with b≠0.
Example:
¾ is a rational number and 3 is also a rational.

• An integer n is called a perfect square if, and only if, n = k2 for some
integer k.
• Example:
16= 42
16 is a perfect square
EXERCISE
Prove that the sum of two odd integers is even.
SOLUTION:
Let m and n be two odd integers. Then by definition of odd numbers
m = 2k + 1 for some k ∈Z
n = 2l + 1 for some l ∈ Z
Now m + n = (2k + 1) + (2l + 1)
= 2k + 2l + 2
= 2 (k + l + 1)
= 2r where r = (k + l + 1) ∈Z
Hence m + n is even.
EXERCISE:
Prove that if n is any even integer, then (-1)n = 1
SOLUTION:
Suppose n is an even integer. Then n = 2k for some integer k.
Now
(-1) n= (-1)2k
= [(-1)2]k
= (1)k
= 1 (proved)
EXERCISE
Prove that the product of an even integer and an odd integer is even.
SOLUTION: Suppose m is
an even integer and n is an odd integer. Then
m=2k for some integer k
and n = 2l + 1 for some integer l
Now m·n = 2k · (2l + 1)
= 2·k (2l + 1)
= 2·r where r = k(2l + 1) is an integer
Hence m·n is even. (Proved)
EXERCISE
Prove that the square of an even integer is even.
SOLUTION:
Suppose n is an even integer. Then n = 2k
Now
square of n = n2= (2·k)2
= 4k2
= 2·(2k2)
= 2·p where p = 2k2 ∈Z
Hence, n2 is even. (proved)
EXERCISE:
Prove that if n is an odd integer, then n3 + n is even
SOLUTION:
Let n be an odd integer, then n = 2k + 1for some k ∈Z
Now n3 + n = n (n2 + 1)
= (2k + 1) ((2k+1)2 + 1)
= (2k + 1) (4k2 + 4k + 1 + 1)
= (2k + 1) (4k2 + 4k + 2)
= (2k + 1) 2(2k2 + 2k + 1)
= 2·(2k + 1) (2k2 + 2k + 1) k ∈Z
= an even integer
EXERCISE:
Prove that, if the sum of any two integers is even, then so is their difference.
SOLUTION:
Suppose m and n are integers so that m + n is even. Then by definition of even
numbers
m + n = 2k for some integer k
⇒ m = 2k - n ……………….(1) Now m - n =
(2k - n) - n using (1)
= 2k - 2n
= 2 (k - n) = 2r where r = k - n is an integer Hence m - n is even.
Exercise
Prove that the sum of any two rational numbers is rational.
Solution:
Suppose r and s are rational numbers.
Then by definition of rational
r=a/b and s=c/d
For some integer a,b,c,d with b≠0 and d≠0
Now
r+s=a/b+c/d
=ad+bc/bd
=p/q
where p = ad + bc ∈Z and q =bd ∈Z
and q ≠0 Hence r + s is rational.

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