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Generations of Microprocessors

This document summarizes the five generations of microprocessor development from 1971 to present day. The first generation included 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004. The second generation saw the rise of 8-bit processors such as the Z80 and 6800. The third generation introduced 16-bit processors like the 8086. The fourth generation began the transition to 32-bit processors with chips like the 80386 and 68000. The fifth generation, from 1995 onward, focused on 64-bit processors, multi-core designs, and increasing processor speeds, as exemplified by Intel's Pentium, Core, and Core i series chips.

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914 views23 pages

Generations of Microprocessors

This document summarizes the five generations of microprocessor development from 1971 to present day. The first generation included 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004. The second generation saw the rise of 8-bit processors such as the Z80 and 6800. The third generation introduced 16-bit processors like the 8086. The fourth generation began the transition to 32-bit processors with chips like the 80386 and 68000. The fifth generation, from 1995 onward, focused on 64-bit processors, multi-core designs, and increasing processor speeds, as exemplified by Intel's Pentium, Core, and Core i series chips.

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GENERATIONS OF

MICROPROCESSORS

PRESENTED BY:
S.UMER HUSSAIN (294)
ABDUL WAHAB (333)
NOMAN ASLAM (307)
MUSTAFA HAMID (206)
Introduction:

 Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that


contains all the functions of a central processing
unit of a computer. We divide the years of
development of microprocessors as 5 generations
First generation (1971 – 73)

 Intel Corporation introduced 4004

 There were three other microprocessors in the market


during the same period:
 · Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits)

 · Intel’s 8008 (8 bits)

 · National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits)


Intel 4004

1) Maximum clock speed of 740 kHz.


2) Up to 92600 instructions per second.
3) Separate program and data storage.
4) 12-bit addresses.
5) 8-bit instructions.
6) 4-bit words.
Rockwell International’s PPS-4
(4 bits)

The Rockwell PPS-4 (aka PPS-4/1) was a


4-bit microprocessor designed by Rockwell
International and first produced at the 3rd
quarter of 1972. The chip came in a 42-
pin quadruple in-line package
Intel’s 8008 (8 bits)

1) 8-bit microprocessor
2) Up to 800 KHz
3) 16 KB memory
4) 7-level deep stack
5) 8 In / 24 Out ports
National Semiconductor’s IMP-16
(16 bits)

1) 16-bit microprocessor
2) The IMP-16 provided four 16-bit
accumulators
Second Generation (1974 – 1978)

 Marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit


microprocessors.
 Some of the popular processors were:
 · Motorola’s 6800 and 6809
 · Intel’s 8085
 · Zilog’s Z80
Motorola’s 6800 and 6809

1) The 6800 was an 8-bit microprocessor
2) The 6800 has a 16-bit address bus that could
directly access 64 KB of memory
3) The Motorola 6809 is an 8-bit (with some 16-
bit features)microprocessor
4) 6809 were the use of two 8-bit accumulator.
Intel’s 8085

1) 8085 microprocessor is an 8 bit


microprocessor.
2) 8085 microprocessor is a single chip, NMOS
device implemented with 6200 transistors
3) 8085 microprocessor requires a single
+5V DC power supply
Zilog’s Z80

1) The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor

2)  It was launched in July 1976 and was widely used


in both desktop computers
Third generation (1979 – 80)

 This age is dominated by 16 – bits


microprocessors
 Some of them were:
 · Intel’s 8086/80186/80286
 · Motorolla’s 68000/68010
 They were designed using HMOS technology
Intel’s 8086/80186/80286

1) The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor


2) Data bus 8-bit.
3) Ran in real mode only.
Motorolla’s 68000/68010

1) The Motorola 68000 is a 32-bit CISC


microprocessor
2) The Motorola MC 68010 processor is a 16/32-
bit microprocessor
3) They were popular in personal
computers and workstations.
Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)

· This era marked the beginning of 32 bits


microprocessors
 · Intel introduced 432, which was bit problematic
 · Then a clean 80386 in launched.
 · Motorola introduced 68020/68030
Intel 432 iAPX

1) The iAPX 432 (Intel Advanced Performance


Architecture), introduced in 1981.
2) 32-bit processor design.
Intel 80386

1) The Intel 80386 also known as i386 or


just 386.
2)  32-bit microprocessor.
3)  x86 architecture.
Motorola 68020/68030

1) The Motorola 68020 is a 32-


bit microprocessor released in 1984.
2) The Motorola 68030 is also a 32-
bit microprocessor
Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)
 This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that
carry on-chip functionalities and
 improvements in the speed of memory and I/O
devices along with introduction of 64-bit
 microprocessors.
 Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron
and very recently dual and quad core
 processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.
Intel Pentium 4

1) Pentium 4 was a line of single-


core desktop, laptop and entry level server central
processing units (CPUs)
2) They had a seventh-generation x86microarchitecture.
3) In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of
the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-
bit x86-64 set.
Intel Celeron

1) Celeron processors can run all IA-


32 computer programs
2)  Originally based on Intel Pentium II
architecture
Intel core 2

1) The Core 2 brand was introduced on 27 July


2006
2) Core 2 having a range of Intel's consumer 64-
bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and quad-
core microprocessors based on the Core
microarchitecture
Core i series

1)  The Core i3 range is entirely dual-core.


2)  The i7 range are all quad-core.
3) Core i3 processors don't have Turbo Boost
4) The Core i7-6700, for example, has a base clock
of 3.4GHz, but can 'boost' up to 4GHz.

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