COM01

Computer Fundamentals and

Bus
 
 
Storage Communication Input Output
Memory CPU  
Devices Devices Devices Devices
Computer Organization: Hardware
• Storage Devices – Stored data of the computer.
• Memory - store data and program instructions for CPU to execute.
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - the brain of a computer.
• Communication Devices – use to communicate with other devices.
• Input Devices - used to send data into the computer.
• Output devices - used to display the information coming from the
computer
Computer Organization: Software
• Computer Software - Computer Instructions or data, anything that
can be stored electronically is Software.
Programming Languages
• Machine Language - Set of primitive
instructions built into every computer.
• Assembly Languages - Convert assembly
language programs into machine code.
• High-level Languages - English-like and
easy to learn and program.
• Operating System (OS) - Program that
manages and controls a computer’s
activities.
System Software
System software - enables the application software to interact with the
computer hardware. System software is “background” software that
helps the computer manage its own internal resources. System
software is not a single program. Rather it is a collection of programs:
• Operating systems - coordinate computer resources, provide an
interface between users and the computer, and run applications
• Utilities - service programs to optimize computers.
• Device drivers – Programs for input and output devices.
Application Software
Application software might be described as end user software.
• General-purpose applications - basic applications like browser.
• Special-purpose applications - advanced applications for different
occupation.
Number
System
Number System
• A number system consists of an
ordered set of symbols, called digits,
with relations defined for addition
(+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x),
and division (÷). The radix (r), or
base, of the number system
commonly used are decimal (r = 10),
binary (r = 2), octal (r = 8), and
hexadecimal (r = 16).
Name Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Radix 10 2 8 16
Digits 0-9 0 and 1 0-7 0 - 9 and A - F

First 17 digits 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
 Binary 02 & 12
Addition
02 + 02 = 02
10101012
02 + 12 = 12
12 + 02 = 12
+ 10110102
12 + 12 = 0 carry 1 or 102
102 + 12 = 112
101011112
Subtraction
0 2 - 02 = 0 2
10010102
02 - 12 = 1 borrow 1 or -12
1 2 - 02 = 1 2
- 1001012
1 2 - 12 = 0 2
102 - 12 = 12
1001012
 Binary 02 & 12
Multiplication
02 x 02 = 02 10010112
02 x 12 = 02
12 x 02 = 02 x 10012
12 x 12 = 12
1001011
1001011___
10101000112
Binary 02 & 12
________
1 1 1 02
1012| 10010102
- 101
100 0
- 101
11 1
- 101
10
 Octal 08-78
Addition
08 + 1 8 = 18
4568
08 + 7 8 = 78
18 + 1 8 = 28 + 1238
18 + 2 8 = 38
18 + 3 8 = 48 6 0 18
18 + 4 8 = 58
18 + 5 8 = 68
18 + 6 8 = 78
18 + 78 = 0 carry 1 or 108
28 + 78 = 1 carry 1 or 118
 Octal 08-78
Subtraction
108 - 18 = 78
4568
78 - 18 = 68
68 - 18 = 58 - 1738
58 - 18 = 48
48 - 18 = 38 2638
38 - 18 = 28
28 - 18 = 18
18 – 18 = 08
Hexa-Decimal 016 - 916 , A16 - F16
Addition
016 + 116 = 116
23E16
016 + 916 = 916
116 + 916 = A16 + 57416
116 + A16 = B16
116 + B16 = C16 7B216
116 + C16 = D16
116 + D16 = E16
116 + E16 = F16
116 + F16 = 0 carry 1 or 1016
216 + F16 = 1 carry 1 or 1116
Hexa-Decimal 016 - 916 , A16 - F16
Subtraction
1016 - 116 = F16
B7816
F16 - 116 = E16
E16 - 116 = D16 - 8AB16
D16 - 116 = C16
C16 - 116 = B16 2CD16
B16 - 116 = A16
A16 - 116 = 916
916 - 116 = 816
116 - 116 = 016
016 - 116 = -116
Number System Conversion