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Database and Database Users: Instructor: Mr. Umer Shahid

This chapter introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS), describing how a DBMS can define, construct, manipulate, and share a database to control redundancy, provide storage structures and indexing for efficient querying, and allow multiple users and views of the data. Examples of database applications include banking, reservations, ecommerce, and inventory systems, while users include administrators, designers, end users, and analysts. The document also discusses when a DBMS may not be needed, such as for simple applications without changes or multiple users.

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Usman Ilamdin
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views33 pages

Database and Database Users: Instructor: Mr. Umer Shahid

This chapter introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS), describing how a DBMS can define, construct, manipulate, and share a database to control redundancy, provide storage structures and indexing for efficient querying, and allow multiple users and views of the data. Examples of database applications include banking, reservations, ecommerce, and inventory systems, while users include administrators, designers, end users, and analysts. The document also discusses when a DBMS may not be needed, such as for simple applications without changes or multiple users.

Uploaded by

Usman Ilamdin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Database and Database Users

Instructor: Mr. Umer Shahid


Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS
approach
Database Examples
 Database is involved like everywhere in our
world

 For example:
If we go to bank to deposit or withdraw
Make hotel and airline reservation
Purchase something on line
Buy groceries in supermarkets
Database Applications
 These examples are what we called traditional
database applications
(First part of book focuses on traditional applications)

 More Recent Applications:


 Youtube
 iTunes
 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
 Data Warehouses
 Many other applications
Database can be any size and
complexity
For example:

 A list of names and address


 IRS (Internal Revenue System, US)
(assume it has 100 million taxpayers and each
taxpayer file 5 forms with 400 characters of
information per form=800Gbyte)
 Amazon.com
(15 million people visit per day; accessing 2 TB data
stored 200 servers; about 100 people are responsible
for database update)
Database System
 Database:
A collection of related data.
 Data:
Known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning.
 Database Management System (DBMS):
A software package/system to facilitate the
Define, Construct, Manipulate and Share functions
of a computerized database.
Typical DBMS Functionality
 Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints

 Construct or Load the initial database contents on a secondary


storage medium

 Manipulate the database:


 Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
 Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
 Accessing the database through Web applications

 Share a database allows multiple users and programs to access


the database simultaneously
Typical DBMS Functionality
 Other important functions provided by the DBMS include
protecting the database and maintaining it over a long period of
time.
 Protection includes system protection against hardware or
software malfunction (or crashes) and security protection
against unauthorized or malicious access.
 A typical large database may have a life cycle of many years, so
the DBMS must be able to maintain the database system by
allowing the system to evolve as requirements change over
time.
Database System

 Database System:
DBMS + Database
Simplified database system
environment
Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS
approach
An UNIVERSITY example
 A UNIVERSITY database for maintaining information
concerning students, courses, and grades in a
university environment

 We have:
STUDENT file stores data on each student
COURSE file stores data on each course
SECTION file stores data on each section of each
course
GRADE_REPORT file stores the grades that students
receive
PREREQUISITE file stores the prerequisites
Example of a simple database
Database manipulation
 Database manipulation involves querying
and updating

 Examples of querying are:


Retrieve a transcript
List the prerequisites of the “Database” course

 Examples of updating are:


Enter a grade of “A” for “Smith” in “Database”
course
Design of a new application
 design of a brand new database starts off with a
phase called requirements specification and
analysis.
 These requirements are documented in detail and
transformed into a conceptual design that can be
represented and manipulated using some
computerized tools so that it can be easily
maintained, and modified.
 The design is then translated to a logical design
that can be expressed in a data model implemented
in a commercial DBMS.
Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS
approach
Database V.S. File
 In the database approach, a single repository of
data is maintained that is defined once then
accessed by various users

 The major differences between DB and File are:


1. Self-describing of a DB
2. Insulation between programs and data
3. Support of multiple views of the data
4. Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
Self-describing nature of a
database system
 Database system contains not only the
database itself but also a complete definition
of the database structure and constrains

 The information stored in the catalog is called


Meta-data (data about data), and it
describes the structure of the primary
database.
Example of a simplified Meta-data
Insulation between programs
and data
 In file processing, if any changes to the
structure of a file may require changing all
programs that access the file

 In database system, the structure of data


files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately
from the access program

 This is called program-data independence


Support of multiple views of
the data
 Each user may see a different view of
the database, which describes only the
data of interest to that user

 It may also contain some virtual data


that is derived from the database files
but its not explicitly stored
Sharing of data and multi-user
transaction processing
 Allowing a set of concurrent users to
retrieve from and to update the database.

 Concurrency control within the DBMS


guarantees that each transaction is
correctly executed or aborted
 For example, when several reservation clerks try
to assign a seat on an airplane flight
 (these types of applications are generally called
online transaction processing (OLTP))
Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS
approach
Database Users
 Database administrators:
 Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and
hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring
efficiency of operations.
 Database Designers:
 Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against the
database. They must communicate with the end-users and
understand their needs.
 End Users
 System Analysts
End Users
 Casual: access database occasionally by
sophisticated query language when needed.
(Manager)
 Naïve: they make up a large section of the

end-user population. Learn only a few facilities


that they may use repeatedly
(bank clerk)
 Sophisticated: These include business

analysts, scientists, engineers, others


thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
 Stand-alone: maintain personal database by

using well designed GUI (Turbotax users)


Outline
 Database Introduction
 An Example
 Characteristics of the Database
 Actors on the Scene
 Advantages of using the DBMS
approach
Controlling Redundancy
 Controlling Redundancy is one of most
important feature to use DBMS

 The traditional file approach, each group


independently keeps their own file.
 For example: accounting office keeps data on
registration and billing info; whereas the
registration office keeps track of registration,
student courses and grades.
Controlling Redundancy
 This redundancy in storing the same data
multiple times leads to several problems:

1. Logic update – we need to update several


times
2. Storage space is wasted
3. The file that represent the same data may
become inconsistent
Other Advantages of using the
DBMS approach
 Restricting unauthorized access to data

 Providing Storage Structures (e.g.


indexes) for efficient Query Processing

 Providing backup and recovery services


Other Advantages of using the
DBMS approach
 Providing multiple interfaces to different
classes of users

 Representing complex relationships among


data

.
.
.
When NOT to use DBMS?
 The overhead cost of using DBMS:
 High initial investment in hardware,
software and training
 The cost of defining and processing data
 Overhead for security, concurrency control,
recovery, and integrity functions
When NOT to use DBMS?
 Hence, it may be more desirable to use
regular files under the following
situations:
 Simple, well-defined database applications
that are not expected to change
 Real-time requirements for some programs
that may not be met due to DBMS
overheads
 No multiple-user access to data
Piazza
 piazza.com/university_of_engineering_a
nd_technology_lahore/spring2020/ee43
6/home
 Access Code: ee436

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