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Member Design - Columns Member Design - Columns

The document discusses the design of steel columns according to EC3. It describes stocky columns which are unaffected by overall buckling and their strength depends on the cross-section properties. Slender columns exhibit elastic buckling behavior described by the Euler curve. Imperfections like initial out-of-straightness and residual stresses reduce the strength of real columns, especially for those of medium slenderness. The document presents the European buckling curves used for design which relate the strength reduction factor to the non-dimensional slenderness ratio and are selected based on the cross-section type. It concludes with the design procedure using these curves.

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22 views

Member Design - Columns Member Design - Columns

The document discusses the design of steel columns according to EC3. It describes stocky columns which are unaffected by overall buckling and their strength depends on the cross-section properties. Slender columns exhibit elastic buckling behavior described by the Euler curve. Imperfections like initial out-of-straightness and residual stresses reduce the strength of real columns, especially for those of medium slenderness. The document presents the European buckling curves used for design which relate the strength reduction factor to the non-dimensional slenderness ratio and are selected based on the cross-section type. It concludes with the design procedure using these curves.

Uploaded by

xang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Member Design - Columns

Background and design according to EC3


2

Introduction

This
lecture is concerned with compression
members (eg pin-ended struts) subject to
•axial compression only
•no bending
 In practice real columns are subject to
•eccentricities of axial loads
•transverse forces
The treatment distinguishes between
•stocky columns, and
•slender columns
3

Stocky columns

The characteristics of stocky columns are


• very low slenderness
• unaffected by overall buckling

The compressive strength of stocky columns is


• dictated by the cross-section
• a function of the section classification
4

Cross-sections not prone to local


buckling

 Class 1, 2, 3 cross-sections are unaffected


by local buckling
 design compression resistance N
c.Rd equals
the plastic resistance Npl.Rd

Nc.Rd = Afy /5.4.4(1) a)


5

Cross-sections prone to local


buckling - Class 4

 local buckling prevents the attainment of the


squash load
 design compression resistance limited to
local buckling resistance,

Nc.Rd = No.Rd = Aefffy /5.4.4.(1) b)


Aeff is the area of the effective cross-section
5.3.5
6

Slender Steel Columns

Slender columns present a quasi elastic


buckling behaviour

 2E
 Euler critical stress  cr  2

 = cr / I, where I = radius of gyration


cr is the buckling length
7

Euler buckling curve and modes


of failure

 Failure by
yielding

fy Failure by
buckling
Euler
buckling
curve
1 
8

Limiting slenderness 1

 1 defined for cr equal to fy - cl 5.5.1.2 (1)


 1   [ E / f y ] 0 ,5  9 3 ,9 
  [ 2 3 5 / f y ] 0 ,5

where
  is equal to
1
93,9 for steel grade S275
76,4 for steel grade S355
9

Non-dimensional buckling curve

The Euler curve can be replotted as cr/fy


against /1 - one curve for all  and fy

/fy

1 /1
10

Behaviour of real steel columns

inelasticbuckling occurs before the Euler


buckling load due to various imperfections
–initial out-of-straightness
–residual stresses
–eccentricity of axial applied loads
–strain-hardening
columns of medium slenderness are very
sensitive to the effects of imperfections
11

Effects of imperfections

structural
imperfections most important
for medium  (NB Euler slenderness 1)
this represents most practical columns
lower bound curve is obtained from a
statistical analysis of test results
12

Experimental studies

two regions: slender (beyond point of inflexion) & medium

 Medium Large
slenderness slenderness

fy

Point of
inflexion

1 
13

Effect of imperfections in relation


to slenderness
Columns of large slenderness
–largely unaffected by imperfections
–ultimate failure load  Euler load (Ncr)
–independent of the yield stress
Columns of medium slenderness
–imperfections important
–failure load less than Euler load
–out-of-straightness and residual stresses
are the most significant imperfections
14

Residual stresses patterns

Typical residual stress pattern

 0 ,3 f
y
compression

 0 , 2 fy
tension

 0 , 2 fy
compression

due to hot rolling


15

Residual stresses

 combined with axial stresses cause


yielding
 effective area reduced

+ = o r=

R n < f y fy
N /A

n reaching fy
Combination with axial stresses
16

Initial out-of-straightness eo

induces bending moments


N

eo


B

N
17

Initial out-of-straightness eo

 Ifmax > fy the P


section becomes
partly plastic
Yielded
zones

P
18

Combined effect of imperfections


and axial load
 maximum stress - combination of
– bending stress B
– residual stress, R
– applied axial stress, N/A
R B max
N/A

+ + =
19

Non-Dimensional Slenderness

0 ,5
 Af 
   A
y

 N cr 
Cl. 5.5.1.2.(1)

  
    A = 1 for class 1-3
  
0 ,5
A sections
 1 
A = Aeff/A for class 4
sections
20

European Buckling Curves


(ECCS)

Based on experiment
–more than 1000 tests
–(I H T    ) sections
–range of slenderness ratios between 55 and
160
Supported by analysis
21

European buckling curves

column strength is defined by a reduction


factor  applied to the yield strength fy
 is related to the reference slenderness
buckling curves plotted as  versus
reference slenderness ratio
22

Assumptions

 Based on a half sine-wave geometric


imperfection = L/1000
 residual stresses related to section type
 4 curves apply to different cross-section
types corresponding to different values
of the imperfection factor 
23

European buckling curves

0.5 c

1 2 3 
24

European buckling curves

Thecurves can be expressed


mathematically as:
1
 2 0 ,5
1
  [   ]
2

2
  0 , 5 [1   (   0 , 2 )   ]

–5.5.1.2.(1) (5.46)
25

Imperfection factor 

  depends on
–the shape of the column cross-section
–the direction of buckling (y or z axis)
–the fabrication process (hot-rolled, welded
or cold-formed
imperfection factors given in Table 1

Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76
26

Selection of appropriate buckling


curve

Cross- Limits Buckling Buckling


section type about axis curve

Rolled open h/b > 1,2 y-y c


sections t  40mm z-z b

Extract from Table 2

Table2 helps with the selection of the


appropriate buckling curve
27

Design Steps

calculate buckling lengths for both


principal axes based on
–length between restraints
–connection details
reference slenderness,  based on
–geometric characteristics of the shape
–yield strength
28

Design Steps (2)

select appropriate buckling curve taking


into account
–the forming process
–the shape thickness
determine  for the value of  .
29

Design Steps (3)

design buckling resistance


Af
N b . Rd   A
y

 M1
– A = 1 for section classes 1,2,3
– A = Aeff / A for section class 4
If Nb.Rd > design axial load section is ok
IfNb.Rd < design axial load repeat for a
larger cross-section
30

Summative test

calculatethe reduction factor  from EC3


equation 5.46. for
–a rolled H section (not class 4)
–t < 100
–S275
–minor axis slenderness ratio  = 130
Verify the result with EC3 table 5.5.2
31

Summary - stub columns

A stub column (   0,2) can achieve the


full plastic resistance of the cross-section
–buckling does not need to be checked
–local buckling may reduce the capacity of
class 4 sections
32

Summary - slender columns

For > 0,2 load resistance reduced


because of buckling
–columns with medium slenderness fail by
inelastic buckling
–slender columns fail by elastic buckling.
design buckling resistance = design
compression resistance reduced by a
buckling factor, .
33

Summary - buckling curves

reduction factor obtained from European


buckling curves depending on
–the shape of the cross-section
–the forming-process
–the reference slenderness
–the axis about which buckling can occur.
buckling curves are based on
experimental and theoretical approaches
and give reliable results

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