EEE:464 Wireless

Communication
Instructor: Shahwaiz Iqbal
 Lets know each other!
• My Introduction
– Email: [email protected]
– Phone:051 9049160
– Office: 314 Academic block I
– Office hours: Tuesday: 2:30-4:00
Friday: 2:30-4:00
Or by appointment (taken either by email or at the end of every
lecture)

• Course Introduction, Objectives and My wishes

• Introduce your self
• Suggestions are always welcome and some times would be required.
Who should take a Wireless Course?
• Motivation to do any course.
 Learning
o What do you know after the course that you did not know earlier?
 Practical use
o How is what you have learned useful?
To others?
To you?
• Two aspects of every course
 Learning
o As your instructor, it is my duty to enthuse you on the subject
 Evaluation
o Second in priority, but of some importance
 Recommended Background
• In the design of this course, it is assumed that the participants have general
(but not advanced) background knowledge in the courses listed below. Due
to time constraints, I would not be able to teach the topics related to these
areas during this course.

• Please do not expect from me to teach the below mentioned courses.

 Data Communication and Computer networks. (EEE 314)
 Digital Communication Systems (EEE 463)
 Probability theory and random variables (MTH 263)

• Note: If you think you are weak in these courses, I would recommend you
to either revise these courses in the starting weeks, or to drop the course.
 Recommended Books
• In this course, we would not have a specific text book.
• Information about a lot of topics can be found in the following text books.

Wireless Communications, Wireless Communications:

Andrea Goldsmith, Principles and Practice,
Cambridge University Theodore S. Rappaport,
Press, 2005 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2002
 Grading Policy
Sessional I 10 Marks
Sessional II 15 Marks
Quizzes 10 Marks
Assignments 7.5 Marks
Project 7.5 Marks
Terminal Exam 50 Marks
Total 100 Marks

Note: No late submission Allowed

 Cheating & Plagiarism
• My apologies if you are one of the vast majority of students who don’t
resort to academic dishonesty
• What is cheating & plagiarism?
• Acting dishonestly, practicing fraud
• Stealing or using (without my permission) other people’s writings or ideas
– E.g. from other students, other sources such as web sites, solutions
from previous offerings of this course etc.
– Note that it doesn’t have to be literal copying – stealing ideas but
presenting in a different style is still cheating and plagiarism.
• You are also guilty if you aid in cheating & plagiarism
• My policy: zero tolerance
• HWs, paper presentation: zero score + one level reduction in course grade
• Exam, project: “F” grade for the course + report to HOD
• More than 1 incident: : “F” grade for the course + report to HOD

• Moreover, please remember that you may have to face me in other exams
and professionally!
 Tentative Outline
Topics Covered

Week1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

Week 2 Propagation
Week 3 Wireless Link Design: Statistical Multipath Channel Models
Week4 Diversity Systems
Week 5 The Cellular Concept.
Week 6 Multiple Access Methods
Week 7 Equalization.
Week 7-8 Multicarrier modulation and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Week 9 Mobile Systems and Standards GSM.
Week 9 Existing Wireless Systems – IS-95.
Week 10 Existing Wireless Systems – UMTS
Week 10 IEEE and ESTI Wireless standards
Week 11 WLANS and Operations
Week 11 WCDMA and HSPA
Week 12 RFID, Sensor Networks
Week 12 Beyond 3G, Cellular Multihop network, Wimax, LTE
Week13 MIMO Wireless Communications.
Week 13 Seminar – Latest Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications.
Week 14 Seminar – Special Topics in Wireless Communications.
Week 14 Course Review.
 Course Material Access
• All the lecture slides and helping material, and course information would
be available in the following yahoo group.

EEE464WirelessCom_SP11

• On-line material
– lecture viewgraphs in PDF & PPT
• check before class, and print them
– copies of handouts, home works, exams etc.
– important announcements
What is Communication?
Components of a Communication
System
 Components of a Communication
System
• The source originates a message, which could be a human voice, a
television picture or data. The source is converted by an input transducer
into an electrical waveform referred to as the baseband signal or message
signal.

• The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission.

The transmitter generally consists of one or more of the following
subsystems: a pre-emphasizer, a sampler, a quantizer, a coder and a
modulator.

• The channel is a medium through which the transmitter output is sent,

which could be a wire, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or a radio link, etc.
Based on the channel type, modern communication systems are divided
into two categories: wireline communication systems and wireless
communication systems.
 Components of a Communication
System
• The receiver reprocessed the signal received from the channel by undoing
the signal modifications made at the transmitter and the channel. The task
of the receiver is to extract the message from the distorted and noisy signal
at the channel output. The receiver may consist of a demodulator, a
decoder, a filter, and a de-emphasizer.

• The receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which converts the
electrical signal to its original form.

• Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to overcome the

distortion and noise. The Goal of Physical layer Communication System is
to transmit information accurately and efficiently (power and
spectrum).
Digital vs. Analog Communications

• Analog and Digital Signals

• Messages are digital or analog.

• Digital messages are constructed with a finite number of symbols. For

example, a text file is a digital message constructed from 50 symbols,
consists of 26 letters, 10 numbers, a space and several punctuation marks.
Similarly, a Morse-coded telegraph is a binary message, implying only two
symbols –mark and space.

• Analog messages are characterized by data whose values vary over a

continuous range. For example, a speech waveform has amplitudes that
vary over a continuous range. A picture is also an analog message.
Noise immunity of digital signals
Digital vs. Analog Communications
• Noise immunity of digital signals–digital data can be recovered without any error
as long as the distortion and noise are within limits. On the other hand, for an
analog message, even a slight distortion or interference in the waveform will cause
an error in the received signal.

• Regenerative repeaters––Based on this “noise immunity”, when transporting a bit

stream over a long distance, regenerative repeaters or repeater stations are placed
along the path of a digital system at distances short enough to ensure that noise and
distortion remain within limit. The viability of regenerative repeaters is the main
reason for the superiority of digital systems over analog ones.

• Every possible communication can be carried on with a minimum oftwo

symbols, i.e., by using a proper binary sequence. In the last 20 years,digital
communication gradually replace its analog competitors, and the revolution is now
nearly complete.
 Interface of Analog and Digital
Systems--A/D and D/A Conversion
• Sampling Theorem A meeting ground exists for analog and digital signals:
conversion of analog signals to digital signals. The backbone that supports
the interface is Shannon's Sampling Theorem, which states that if the highest
frequency in the signal spectrum is B (in hertz), then the signal can be
recovered from its samples, taken at a rate not less than 2B samples per
second.
• Quantization each sample is approximated, or round off to the nearest
quantized level, the information is thus digitalized. The quantized signal is an
approximation of the original one. We can improve the accuracy of the
quantized signal to any desired degree by increasing the number of levels.
• Coding
 Source coding Convert thequantized signal into binary sequences.
 Channel coding Introduce redundancy in a controlled manner to
overcome the effects of noise and interferences.
• Mapping Map binary sequence into symbols.
• Transmission Symbols are applied to a transmitter filter, which produces a
continuous signal for transmission over a continuous channel.
What is Wireless and Mobile
Communication?
 Wireless Communication

• Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic waves in open space

• “Wireless” used to be the only (limited and unreliable) way to
communicate in ancient times
• Modern wireless communications are based on the electromagnetic field
theory (Maxwell’s equations, Marconi’s invention)
• Electromagnetic waves
• Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
• Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
» c=fxl
• Higher frequency means higher energy photons
• The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is the radiation
 Characteristics of Wireless
Communication
• Convenience and reduced cost
– Service can be deployed faster than fixed service
– No cost of cable plant
– Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere
• Unreliable channel (attenuation, fading, shadowing, interference)
• Complicated design and management
• Device limitations (power supply, LCD)
• Limited bandwidth and expensive service
 Is there a future for wireless?
• Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons,
• Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
• Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during and after
WW2
• Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with almost 1 billion
users worldwide today
– Ignited the recent wireless revolution
– Growth rate tapering off
– 3G (voice+data) roll-out disappointing
• Many spectacular failures recently
– 1G Wireless LANs/Iridium/Metricom
 Glimmers of Hope

• Internet and laptop use exploding

• 2G/3G wireless LANs growing rapidly

• Low rate data demand is high

• Military and security needs require wireless

• Emerging interdisciplinary applications

• WiMAx and LTE/ALTE

 Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Wireless Internet access

Nth generation Cellular
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Sensor Networks
Wireless Entertainment
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
All this and more…

•Hard Delay Constraints

•Hard Energy Constraints
 Design Challenges

• Wireless channels are a difficult and capacity-limited broadcast

communications medium

• Traffic patterns, user locations, and network conditions are constantly

changing

• Applications are heterogeneous with hard constraints that must be met

by the network

• Energy and delay constraints change design principles across all layers
of the protocol stack
 Multimedia Requirements

Voice Data Video

Delay <100ms - <100ms
Packet Loss <1% 0 <1%
BER 10-3 10-6 10-6
Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

One-size-fits-all protocols and design do not work well

Wired networks use this approach, with poor results
 Wireless Performance Gap

LOCAL AREA PACKET SWITCHING WIDE AREA CIRCUIT SWITCHING

100 M ATM 100,000 ATM

100,000
Ethernet
10,000 FDDI 10,000
wired- wireless
Ethernet bit-rate "gap"
1000 User 1000 User wired- wireless
Bit-Rate Bit-Rate ISDN bit-rate "gap"
(kbps) 2nd gen (kbps)
100 WLAN 100 28.8 modem
1st gen 32 kbps
Polling WLAN 9.6 modem PCS
10 10 14.4
9.6 cellular digital
2.4 modem cellular
Packet 2.4 cellular
1 1
Radio

.1 .1

.01 .01
1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000
YEAR YEAR
 Frequency Carries/Channels

– The information from sender to receiver is carrier over a well defined

frequency band.
• This is called a channel
– Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in KHz) and Capacity
(bit-rate)
– Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to transmit
information in parallel and independently.
 Example
• Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and B
• Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
• There are 3 channels
– Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
– For full duplex communication:
» Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
» Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)

Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B

Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

 Simplex/Duplex Communication
• Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way.
• This is called simplex transmision
• To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication)
• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
• We can use Time Division Multiplexing
 What is Mobility
• Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user
terminals are static
• No change of location during a call/connection
• A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
• Mobility and portability
– Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
 The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
• Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
– Anywhere, anytime computing and communication
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
– Pushing the computers more into background
• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more
easier.
– Computers should be location aware
• Adapt to the current location, discover services
 Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
• You walk into your office and your computer automatically authenticates
you through your active badge and logs you into the Unix system
• You go to a foreign building and your PDA automatically discovers the
closest public printer where you can print your schedule and give to your
friend
 More Examples
• You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall with your PDA and
your PDA is smart enough to collect and filter the public profiles of other
people that are passing nearby
– Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
• The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and GPRS devices and they
are monitored from a central location on a digital map.
– No need for a person to guide and feed them
• You can find countless examples
How to realize Ubiquitous Computing
• Small and different size computing and communication devices
– Tabs, pads, boards
– PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
• A communication network to support this
– Anywhere, anytime access
– Seamless, wireless and mobile access
– Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
• Ubiquitous Applications
– New software
 What does this course cover?
• This course will cover the problems/solutions in the telecommunication
domain
– GSM, GPRS, CDMA (telecom)…..
• We will also cover some fundamental problems/solutions for wireless
access
• Wireless channel characteristics
• Increasing capacity through diversity
• MIMO
• OFDM
Telecom and Data Networking

Telecom Interest Data Networking Interest

- Voice Transmission
- Frequency Reuse -Data Transmission
-Radio Propagation -Mobile IP (integrating
- Handoff Management
-Link Characteristics mobile hosts to internet)
-Location Tracking
-Error Models -Ad-hoc Networks
-Roaming
-Wireless Medium -TCP over Wireless
-QoS
Access (MAC) -Service Discovery
-GSM, CDMA,
- Error Control
Cordless Phones,
-GPRS, EDGE
 Very Basic Cellular/PCS
Architecture
Mobility
Public Switched Database
Base Station
Telephone Network Controller

Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC)

Radio Network

Base Station
(BS) Mobile Station
 Wireless System Definitions
– Mobile Station
– A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-held
personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles (mobiles)
– Base station
– A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver
antennas mounted on top of a tower.
 Wireless System Definitions
– Mobile Switching Center
– Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a
large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connections the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the
PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile Telephone
Switching Office (MTSO)
– Subscriber
– A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
– Transceiver
– A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving
radio signals
 Wireless System Definitions
– Control Channel
– Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request,
call initiation and other beacon and control purposes.
– Forward Channel
– Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
base station to the mobile
– Reverse Channel
– Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station
 Wireless System Definitions
– Simplex Systems
– Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
– Half Duplex Systems
– Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can
either transmit or receive information.
– Full Duplex Systems
– Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on
two different channels (FDD).
 Wireless System Definitions
– Handoff
– The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel
or base station to an other.
– Roamer
– A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
– Page
– A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at the
same time.
 Standards

• Interacting systems require standardization

• Companies want their systems adopted as standard

– Alternatively try for de-facto standards

• Standards determined by TIA ( Telecommunication Industry Standard

Association )/CTIA(Cellular Telephone Industry Association) in US
– IEEE standards often adopted

• Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T(The telecom Standardization

Sector )
– In Europe, ETSI (European
Standards Telecom
process fraughtStandard
with Association) is
equivalent of IEEE
inefficiencies and conflicts of interest
 Spectrum Regulation
• Spectrum management or regulation is the process of regulating the use of radio
frequencies to promote efficient use and gain a social benifit.
• Spectral Allocation in US controlled by FCC (commercial) or OSM (defense)
• FCC auctions spectral blocks for set applications.
• Some spectrum set aside for universal use
• Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R
• Most spectra licensed; 3G license is very expensive; FCC is a mighty sector
• Infrared, ISM band, and amateur radio band are license-free

• HW: Find out what spectrum is used for GSM, IS-95, 802.11b WLAN. What data
rates are available in each system? What transmission characteristics makes these
spectrum bands suitable for wireless communications?

Regulation can stunt innovation, cause economic

disasters, and delay system rollout
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
Radio Micro Cosmic
IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
< 30 KHz VLF
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm Visible light 30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
Wavelength of Some Technologies
• GSM Phones:
– frequency ~= 900 Mhz
– wavelength ~= 33cm
• PCS Phones
– frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
– wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
• Bluetooth:
– frequency ~= 2.4Gz
– wavelength ~= 12.5cm
 Evolution of Current Systems
• Wireless systems today
– 2G Cellular: ~30-70 Kbps.
– WLANs: ~10 Mbps.

• Next Generation
– 3G Cellular: ~300 Kbps.
– WLANs: ~70 Mbps.

• Technology Enhancements
– Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors.
– Link: Antennas, modulation, coding, adaptivity, DSP, BW.
– Network: Dynamic resource allocation. Mobility support.
– Application: Soft and adaptive QoS.

“Current Systems on Steroids”

 Future Generations

Other Tradeoffs:
Rate Rate vs. Coverage
Rate vs. Delay
4G Rate vs. Cost
802.11b WLAN Rate vs. Energy
3G

2G

2G Cellular

Mobility
Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed
 Current Wireless Systems

• Cellular Systems

• Wireless LANs

• Satellite Systems

• Paging Systems

• Bluetooth
 Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize
capacity
• Geographic region divided into cells
• Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations.
• Co-channel interference between same color cells.
• Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
• Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE
STATION
MTSO
 Cellular Phone Networks
San Francisco

BS
BS

Internet
New York
MTSO MTSO
PSTN

BS
 Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs)
01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)

• Breaks data into packets
• Channel access is shared (random access)
• Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
• Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
 Wireless LAN Standards
• 802.11b (Current Generation)
– Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
– Frequency hopped spread spectrum
– 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range

• 802.11a (Emerging Generation)

– Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)
– OFDM with time division
– 20-70 Mbps, variable range
– Similar to HiperLAN in Europe

• 802.11g (New Standard)

– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
– OFDM
– Speeds up to 54 Mbps

• 802.11n(New Standard)
– Standard for 2.4GHz and 2.5 GHz bands
– DSSSCCK(Direct sequence spread spectrum complement key coding) or OFDM
– Speed up to 600Mbps
– MIMO
 Satellite Systems

• Cover very large areas

• Different orbit heights
– GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
• Optimized for one-way transmission
– Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting
• Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt
– Expensive alternative to terrestrial system
– A few ambitious systems on the horizon
 Paging Systems

• Broad coverage for short messaging

• Message broadcast from all base stations
• Simple terminals
• Optimized for 1-way transmission
• Answer-back hard
• Overtaken by cellular
 Bluetooth

• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)

• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
• 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels

• Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics

companies

• Few applications beyond cable replacement

8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
 Emerging Systems

• Ad hoc wireless networks

• Sensor networks
• Distributed control networks
 Ad-Hoc Networks

• Peer-to-peer communications.
• No backbone infrastructure.
• Routing can be multihop.
• Topology is dynamic.
• Fully connected with different link SINRs
 Design Issues

• Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure for many

emerging applications.

• The capacity of such networks is generally unknown.

• Transmission, access, and routing strategies for ad-hoc networks are

generally ad-hoc.

• Crosslayer design critical and very challenging.

• Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for communication

and networking.
 Sensor Networks
Energy is the driving constraint

– Nodes powered by nonrechargeable batteries

– Data flows to centralized location.
– Low per-node rates but up to 100,000 nodes.
– Data highly correlated in time and space.
– Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception, compression, and signal
processing.
 Energy-Constrained Nodes

• Each node can only send a finite number of bits.

– Transmit energy minimized by maximizing bit time
– Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time
– Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit

• Short-range networks must consider transmit, circuit, and processing

energy.
– Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy-efficient.
– Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking.

• Changes everything about the network design:

– Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols.
– Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs.
– Optimization of node cooperation.
 Distributed Control over Wireless
Links

Automated Vehicles
- Cars
- UAVs
- Insect flyers

• Packet loss and/or delays impacts controller performance.

• Controller design should be robust to network faults.
• Joint application and communication network design.
 Joint Design Challenges
• There is no methodology to incorporate random delays or packet losses into
control system designs.

• The best rate/delay tradeoff for a communication system in distributed control

cannot be determined.

• Current autonomous vehicle platoon controllers are not string stable with any
communication delay

Can we make distributed control robust to the network?

Yes, by a radical redesign of the controller and the network.
 Main Points

• The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems and

applications

• Technical challenges transcend across all layers of the system design

• Wireless systems today have limited performance and interoperability

• Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the evolution of

wireless technology
 Homework
• Read and digest the following papers.
• Write a 500 words summary on both the papers and submit it by Next
Monday
– Fumiyuki Adachi, “Wireless Past and future Evolving Mobile
Communication Systems”, IEIEC Trans, Fundamental, 2001

– D. Cox, Wireless Personal Communications: What is It?, IEEE

Personal Communications Magazine, (April 1995), pp. 20-35.

• These papers are on the course group

 Future Wireless Networks
• Wireless Internet access
• Nth generation Cellular
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices • Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks
• Sensor Networks
• Wireless Entertainment
• Smart Homes/Spaces
• Automated Highways
• All this and more…
•Hard Delay Constraints
•Hard Energy Constraints
End