OSI Model and TCP/IP: S.K.Gaikwad
OSI Model and TCP/IP: S.K.Gaikwad
S.K.Gaikwad
The OSI Model
OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection.
OSI model was first introduced by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in 1983
– WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to another.
– HOW it should be done.
– Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal
Some Other Protocols:
IBM launched SNA (System Network Architecture) in 1974
DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) launched DNA (Digital
Network Architecture) in 1980
Main OSI Layer Terms
LLC layer The LLC layer is responsible for the error and flow-
control mechanisms of the data-link layer. The LLC layer is
specified in the 802.2 standard.
Position of the data-link layer
Network Layer
Passes data between data link and transport layers
Responsible for routing data across a network, from
source to destination using network-wide addressing
Pass data between (separate) sub networks
Hides network topology from higher layers
Network layer protocols:
X.25 protocol & Internet Protocol (IP)
Position of network layer
Transport Layer
Error checking Protocols at the transport layer ensure that data is sent or
received correctly.
Service addressing Protocols such as TCP/IP support many network services.
The transport layer makes sure that data is passed to the right service at the
upper layers of the OSI model.
Segmentation To traverse the network, blocks of data need to be broken down
into packets that are of a manageable size for the lower layers to handle. This
process, called segmentation, is the responsibility of the transport layer.
Protocols that operate at the transport layer:
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)--- connectionless.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)---connection oriented.
Responsible for data flow control
Two common methods : buffering and windowing
Buffering :
Data is temporarily stored and waits for the destination device to
become available. Buffering can cause a problem if the sending
device transmits data much faster than the receiving device is able to
manage it.
Windowing:
Data is sent in groups of segments that require only one
acknowledgment. The size of the window (that is, how many
segments fit into one acknowledgment) is defined at the time the
session between the two devices is established.
Session Layer
2.18
Network Devices to the OSI Model
2.28
Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP Models