Scribd
Upload
103 views

Module - 4 FILTERS-Introduction

Filters are circuits that allow certain frequencies to pass through while removing others. There are two main types: analog filters using passive components like resistors and capacitors, and digital filters that operate in the digital domain. A filter can be characterized by its transfer function, which describes the relationship between input and output frequencies. Key specifications for filters include the passband, stopband, ripple, and the pole-zero pattern, which indicates frequencies that are amplified or attenuated.

Uploaded by

Deepthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
103 views

Module - 4 FILTERS-Introduction

Filters are circuits that allow certain frequencies to pass through while removing others. There are two main types: analog filters using passive components like resistors and capacitors, and digital filters that operate in the digital domain. A filter can be characterized by its transfer function, which describes the relationship between input and output frequencies. Key specifications for filters include the passband, stopband, ripple, and the pole-zero pattern, which indicates frequencies that are amplified or attenuated.

Uploaded by

Deepthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Module -4

FILTERS- Introduction
INTRODUCTION
• A filter as a circuit that allows only certain frequencies to pass
through.
 They remove undesirable frequency components from a
complex input signal.
•Some of the uses of this operation includes
Suppression of power-line hum
Reduction of very low or high frequency interference and
noise
Specialized spectral shaping
Continued...
• Filter implementations may be classified into two very broad,
1. Digital filters:
2. Analog filters:
• Digital filters: (z- plane)
Works entirely in the digital domain, using numeric data as
the input signal.
• Analog filters: (s-plane)
 Utilizes standard linear circuit techniques for their
construction.
Analog Filters
• Analog filter implementations can be broken into two
subcategories: passive and active.
• Passive filters:
 Utilize only resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
 For low frequency applications (DC ~ 100kHz) inductors
size becomes very large and impossible to fabricate on
IC’s.

Figure 1: Passive Low


pass Filter
Example-1

What type of filter it is?

ANS : LOW PASS FILTER

   
At =0 At =
Example-2

What type of filter it is?

ANS : HIGH PASS FILTER

   
At =0 At =
Continued...
• Active filters:
– Utilizes active devices like discrete transistors or
op-amps.

Figure 2: Active Low


pass Filter
Advantages of Op-Amp Active Filters
• The op-amp provides gain, so the signal is not
attenuated as it passes through the filter.
• The high input impedance of the op-amp prevents
excessive loading of the driving source.
• The low output impedance of the op-amp prevents the
filter from being affected by the load that it is driving.
• Active filters are also easy to adjust over a wide
frequency range without altering the desired
response.
Some limitations of Active filters
• Active filters require a DC power supply whereas passives do
not.
• Active filters are also limited in their frequency range.
• Active filters are not designed to handle large amounts of
power. They are low signal-level circuits
Filter as a two port network
• Many complex, such as amplification circuits and filters, can
be modelled by a two-port network model as shown below,

• Filter transfer function T(s): It is the ratio of Laplace transform


of output voltage VO (s) to the Laplace transform of input
voltage Vi (s)
.

magnitude Phase
Continued...
• Gain function: G(w)
 Filter gain is the ratio, at a given frequency, of the signal amplitude
at the output of the filter over the signal amplitude at the input of
the filter
(1)

• Attenuation function: A(w)


 Filter attenuation is the ratio, at a given frequency, of the signal amplitude
at the output of the filter over the signal amplitude at the input of the
filter.
 As is usually the case, for a given frequency, the output amplitude of the
filter is smaller than the input amplitude, making the ratio in Eq (2) less
than one and the attenuation is a negative number.
(2)
Basic Ideal Filters Responses
• An ideal filter is a network that allows signals of only certain
frequencies to pass while blocking all others.
• Depending on the regime of frequencies that are allowed
through or not they are characterized as low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass, band-reject and all-pass
Basic Ideal Filters Responses
(magnitude response)
Practical Filter Specifications
• Practical Low Pass filter transmission characteristics

Response in RED colour is ideal


response of LP filter called “BRICK
WALL” response

STOPBAND
RIPPLE
ASSBAND
IPPLE
Continued...
• Passband: Is the range of frequencies that are allowed to
pass through the filter with minimum attenuation.
• Ideally attenuation in passband is 0 dB, but practically
passband deviation has upper bound,
Amax (dB).
• Stopband: Is the range of frequencies that are completely
blocked by the filter.
• Ideally there will be zero transmission in stopband
frequencies.
• Practically there will be some transmission in stopband and
are attenuated by at least Amin (dB) relative to the passband
signals
Continued...
• Following the passband is a region called the transition region
that leads into a region called the stopband.
•  p  passband edge frequency at which gain falls by 3 dB
•  S  stopband edge frequency
• Transition band extends from  p to  S .
• Selectivity factor:  p  measures the sharpness of the low
s
pass filter.
• Finally four important specifications of low pass filter
1. The passband edge  p
2. The maximum allowed variation in passband transmission Amax
3. The stopband edge  S
4. The minimum required stopband attenuation Amin
Ripples
•  Ripples are the fluctuations (measured in dB) in the pass
band, or stop band, of a filter's frequency magnitude response
curve.
• Amax is also referred as passband ripple and all ripple peaks are
equal.
• Stopband also has equal ripples and achieves minimum
attenuation Amin
• The above discussed low pass filter is said to be equiripple in
both passband and stopband.
Summary
• Ideal Low pass filter
1. Lower Amax
2. Higher Amin
3. Selectivity factor  p  1
s
Transmission specifications for a bandpass
filter
Filter Transfer Function
• It is the ratio of two polynomials,

• ‘N’ is the order of the filter (the degree of the denominator) .


• ‘M’ is the degree of the numerator, M ≤ N.
• Coefficients of numerator,
• Coefficients of denominator,
• Transfer function T(s) can be expressed as, (in factorized
form)
Continued...
• Transmission zeros or transfer function
zeros
• Transfer function poles or natural modes
• Poles and zeros must be real or complex conjugate pairs.
• To obtain zero or small stopband transmission, zeros are
usually placed on the jω-axis at stopband frequencies.
• Example: if -1+j2 is a zero then -1-j2 is also a zero.
Low pass filter
Continued..
• For this particular filter transmission zeros is at two stopband
frequencies
• Zeros are at
• Since zeros occurs in complex conjugates pair, therefore
• are also zeros.
• Thus the numerator polynomial is
• Which can be written as
• The filter transmission decreases to zero at s=∞, therefore
there are one or more zeros at s=∞.
• Number of zeros at s=∞ is equal to N-M.
Continued...
• Now let us find poles ,
• For filter to be stable, all poles must be left half of the s plane
• Therefore all poles must have negative real part.
• Assume filter order of the above low pass filter as N=5.
• It will have two pairs of complex conjugate poles and one
negative real pole, totally five poles.
• Finally ,
Continued...
•Poles are indicated as ‘X’ and zeros are indicated as ‘o’ on s-plane

TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS POLE-ZERO PATTERN


Pole zero patterns and transfer function of
band pass filter N=6

TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
Continued...
• Transfer function T(s)

POLE-ZERO PATTERN
Pole-zero pattern for the low-pass filter (N =
5)
• Transfer function T(s), this is called all-pole filter of order ‘5’

POLE-ZERO PATTERN
Example of pole zero pattern

You might also like