Student : Gozalov Hasanaga

Faculty : Gas Oil Mine

Group : 211.18

Subject : English

Teacher : Abiyeva Layla

 “ Azerbaijan`s great oil and gas
wealth is our people happiness and for
today, for the future, for the well-being
of our people is the most important
factor for our country`s development. ’’

Heydar Aliyev
 What is Drilling ?

Drilling refers to the process of boring a hole through soil

and rock to access geologic reservoirs that contain oil and gas.

 Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a

hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit
is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit
is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from
hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This
forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting
off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.
 Drilling is a relatively well-understood technological process but no two
wells are the same and therefore risk management is important. The
largest mainstream concern with drilling is the risk of blowouts, which is the
uncontrolled release of oil and natural gas from a well due to issues with
pressure management. With modern technology blowouts are preventable.
However a high level of diligence is required by operators and regulators
to ensure this does not happen.
 

 In addition to this, there are a wide array of drilling activities that

can cause adverse environmental impacts. For example, ground
clearing can have adverse effects on the ecological surroundings. Air
quality and waste management from construction and during drilling
can be an issue. The increase and vehicle and pedestrian traffic also
creates an impact on the local environment
 There are various kinds of oil wells with different functions :

 Exploration wells (or wildcat wells) are drilled

for exploration purposes in new areas. The
Exploration wells location of the exploration well is determined by
geologists.
 Appraisal wells are those drilled to assess the
Appraisal wells characteristics of a proven petroleum reserve
such as flow rate.
 Development or production wells are drilled for
Development wells the production of oil or gas in fields of proven
economic and recoverable oil or gas reserves.
 Relief wells are drilled to stop the flow from a
Relief wells reservoir when a production well has
experienced a blowout.
 Process of Drilling

Production

Circulation Abandonment

Completion
Boring
 Boring - a drill bit and pipe are used to create a hole vertically into the ground.  ​
Sometimes, drilling operations cannot be completed directly above an oil or gas
reservoir, for example, when reserves are situated under residential areas.
Fortunately, a process called directional drilling can be done to bore a well at an
angle.

 Circulation - drilling mud is circulated into the hole and back to the surface for various
functions including the removal of rock cuttings from the hole and the maintenance of
working temperatures and pressures.

 Completion - after a well has been cased, it needs to be readied for production.
 Small holes called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed
through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil or gas to flow.

 Production - this is the phase of the well's life where it actually produces oil and gas.

 Abandonment - when a well has reached the end of its useful life (this is usually
determined by economics), it is plugged and abandoned to protect the surrounding
environment.
 The actual process of drilling a well is much the same as using a
power drill to perform a workshop task.
  Before drilling, measurements are made to show where to drill.
The material, the size of the hole and how deep to drill will determine the
proper type of drill bit.
It will also determine how big the drill motor needs to be to drive the bit in
a rotary motion.
The concept of the overall drilling process is relatively simple. There is a
potential reservoir located deep beneath the earth’s surface. In order to
gain access and extract oil or gas, a hole must be drilled through the
various rocks, materials and layers to reach it.
 The well drilling process must get through various types of rocks in the earth. Rocks are composed of
mineral or organic matter, and they lay in subsurface layers or strata throughout the world.
Rocks can contain a single mineral, such as rock salt and certain limestones, or many minerals, such as
granite (quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals).
Drilling encounters three basic types of rock, each with a different characteristic that requires a different drill
bit, drill speed and bit pressure to be most efficiently and safely drilled. They are:
• Igneous Rock – This type of rock is very hard (such as granite), and was once molten rock that cooled and
solidified.
• Sedimentary Rock – This type of rock is found in smaller fragments and is carried by wind or water until it
settles. This type of rock is somewhat easier to drill. Examples are sandstone and limestone.
• Metamorphic Rock – Is the result of an existing rock being subjected to extreme pressure and
temperature, thus transforming it into metamorphic rock. Examples of this type of rock are slate and marble.
  Drilling Types Multilateral drilling creates a highly
productive drainage network in reservoirs
with many isolated pockets of oil or gas.
Directional drilling is the intentional Advances in multilateral drilling and
deviation of a wellbore from the path it completion technology promise reduced
would naturally take. well costs, greater flexibility and increased
This is accomplished through the use profit potential for the operator.
of specialized drilling equipment such as The TAML (Technical Advancement of
whipstocks, mud motors, and Multilaterals) joint-industry project was
bottomhole assembly (BHA) Multilateral drilling formed in 1997 to educate the industry on
configurations.Downhole instruments the advantages of multilateral wells.
continuously measure the path of the Multilaterals have proven successful in
wellbore in three-dimensions.  Data links various drilling- production applications, but
to the surface communicate these members of TAML feel that the industry still
measurements to allow constant does not recognize the full potential of the
adjustment to the mud motors and BHA technology.
Directional drilling
components. Some estimate that 10% of the 60,000-
The directional driller also can alter other 70,000 oil and gas wells annually drilled
drilling parameters such as weight on worldwide are multilateral candidates, while
the drill bit and rotary table speed to TAML places the percentage as high as
direct the bit to the desired directional 75%.
path.
  Offshore Drilling
Offshore drilling refers to the act of extracting underground resources which lie underwater off the coasts.
The term can also apply to drilling in lakes, inland seas, bays or channels.
The actual process of drilling the well is similar to a land-based well, but the offshore location makes it more
complex. Often, new wells are drilled while others are being produced from the same offshore production
platform.
An offshore rig/platform is a small society or city with
many support functions, including: cafeteria, sleeping
quarters, entertainment halls and management teams.
All rig personnel are transported in by helicopter or crew
boats.  Most staff are required to be onsite for rotating two-
week shifts.  shift rotation can vary depending on location
(especially, foreign) the E&P operator, drilling contactor and
OFS service provider.
All equipment, supplies and waste must be constantly
transported in and out by work boat. 

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  Circle Interpolating

Circle interpolating, also known as orbital drilling, is a process for creating holes using machine cutters.
Orbital drilling is based on rotating a cutting tool around its own axis and simultaneously about a centre axis
which is off-set from the axis of the cutting tool. The cutting tool can then be moved simultaneously in an
axial direction to drill or machine a hole – and/or combined with an arbitrary sidewards motion to machine an
opening or cavity.
By adjusting the offset, a cutting tool of a specific diameter can be used to drill holes of different diameters
as illustrated. This implies that the cutting tool inventory can be substantially reduced.
The term orbital drilling comes from that the cutting tool “orbits” around the hole center. The mechanically
forced, dynamic offset in orbital drilling has several advantages compared to conventional drilling that
drastically increases the hole precision. The lower thrust force results in a burr-less hole when drilling in
metals. When drilling in composite materials the problem with delamination is eliminated.
  Contract Drilling
Today, most of the global drilling rig fleet is owned by contract drilling companies.
Typically, a term contract is entered into between the E&P operator and the contract
driller. 
The rig services provided to E&P operators include experienced personnel and
specialized equipment.

 Drilling contracts can be a mixture of types, depending on:

 the general E&P expenditure business cycle

 the type of market for the rig, I.e., US vs. foreign location and e.g. onshore vs. offshore
 rig availability due to new construction and those currently under contract
  Deep Hole Drilling

 Deep hole drilling is defined as a hole depth greater than ten times the diameter
of the hole. These types of holes require special equipment to maintain the straightness and tolerances.
Other considerations are roundness and surface finish.
 
Deep hole drilling is generally achievable with a few tooling methods, usually gun drilling or BTA
drilling. These are differentiated due to the coolant entry method (internal or external) and chip removal method
(internal or external). Using methods such as a rotating tool and counter-rotating workpiece are common
techniques to achieve required straightness tolerances.[4] Secondary tooling methods include trepanning, skiving
and burnishing, pull boring, or bottle boring. Finally a new kind of drilling technology is available to face this issue:
vibration drilling. This technology breaks up the chips by a small controlled axial vibration of the drill. The small
chips are easily removed by the flutes of the drill.
 
A high tech monitoring system is used to control force, torque, vibrations, and acoustic emission. Vibration is
considered a major defect in deep hole drilling which can often cause the drill to break. A special coolant is usually
used to aid in this type of drilling.
 Drill bit
A drill bit, is a device attached to the end of the drill
string that breaks apart, cuts or crushes the rock
formations when drilling a well.
  Everything on a drilling rig directly or indirectly assists
the bit in cutting the rock. The bit is on the bottom of the
drill string and must be changed when it becomes
excessively dull or stops making progress. The term for
this activity is “tripping pipe” and can take days on a
deep well. Therefore, bits are designed to do their job in
severe service for as long as possible.
  Most bits work by scraping or crushing (or both) the
rock as part of a rotational motion. Some bits, known as
hammer bits, are activated by a downhole motor which
pounds the rock vertically in much the same fashion as a
construction site air hammer.
  The drill bit is hollow and has jets to allow for the
expulsion of the drilling fluid at high velocity and high
pressure. This helps clean the bit and breaks apart the
rock (in softer formations).
 Drilling Well Control
During drilling operations sub-surface pressures must
be continuously controlled as the various layers of the
downhole formation are pierced by the wellbore.
 
Often, “downhole blowouts” can occur when a zone of
high pressure is penetrated and uncontrolled pressure
starts flowing to another zone of lower pressure.
To control this situation three well control measures are
used:
 
• Primary Well Control – Here, mud pressure is
increased above the pressure in the formation. This
form of well control is maintained and closely
monitored throughout the entire well drilling process.
• Secondary Well Control – A BOP stack is activated
which seals off the well annulus to prevent the
downhole pressure from reaching the surface.
• Tertiary Well Control – In extreme situations, to
contain the downhole pressure, a chemical compound
is pumped into the well bore to counteract the flow at
the zone of high pressure.
  References

1.
https://www.ektinteractive.com/drilling/drilling-fundame
ntals/

2. https://www.perenco.com/experiences/drilling

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling

4. https://www.studentenergy.org/topics/drilling