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Engineering-Graphics - Basics

This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and drawings. It discusses how graphics are used to effectively communicate technical information through visual representations. Engineering drawings use lines to represent object surfaces, edges and contours. Various line types have specific meanings. Additional elements of drawings include projection methods, scale, sheet sizes, dimensioning, lettering, tools and drafting standards. Overall, the document introduces the basic concepts and components of engineering graphics and technical drawings.

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Subha
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274 views

Engineering-Graphics - Basics

This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and drawings. It discusses how graphics are used to effectively communicate technical information through visual representations. Engineering drawings use lines to represent object surfaces, edges and contours. Various line types have specific meanings. Additional elements of drawings include projection methods, scale, sheet sizes, dimensioning, lettering, tools and drafting standards. Overall, the document introduces the basic concepts and components of engineering graphics and technical drawings.

Uploaded by

Subha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Graphics- Basics

Overview of an
Engineering Drawing
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description


by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the


size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
DRAWINGS
( A Graphical Representation)

The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,


Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication


not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or


computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example
Engineering
Drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric


types method construction Lettering
Drawing Standard
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey


the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Standard Code

Country Code Full name


USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization


Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size


SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales
Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line


Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.


Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers


of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and


location of features on a drawing
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line


4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils


DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield


DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper


DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper


Lettering
Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.


As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with


Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
Example Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block


Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course

Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic


either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title
text height. block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines N/A.
of text is at least 1/3 Follows ANSI rule.
of text height.
Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H
Stroke Sequence

V X W
Stroke Sequence
N M K Z

Y A 4
Stroke Sequence
O Q C G
Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2
Stroke Sequence

5 7
Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9
Stroke Sequence

l i
Stroke Sequence
v w x k

z
Stroke Sequence
j y f t

r
Stroke Sequence
c o a b

d p q e
Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s
Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.


Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE O IN


MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Large Circle
1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from
the center.
2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.
♣ The following figures illustrates the Aligned system of dimensioning:
QUADRANT THEORY
VP
2nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,


IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
♣ How to fold the A2 size drawing sheets for assignment work?
♥ Mark 190 mm from the right edge of the drawing sheet. Mark 186 mm from the previous mark. Mark 20
mm from the left edge of the drawing sheet.
♥ Mark 297 mm from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet on the reverse side.
♥ Coincide the first fold with third fold to get second fold. Coincide the third fold with the border line which
is 20 mm to the right of left edge of drawing sheet to get fourth fold. Fifth and sixth folds are back folds.
♥ All larger size drawing sheets i.e. A0, A1, A2 and A3 are folded to A4 size sheet.
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