UEME3112

Fluid Mechanics II

Introduction
 Unit Learning Objectives

 Provide principles of inviscid and viscous fluid

flows.
 Develop analytical and numerical skills to solve fluid
flow problems.
 Provide theoretical concepts of laminar, wall
turbulent and free turbulent flows.
 Unit Learning Outcomes
 Use concepts of stream function and velocity potential to
describe a flow field.
 Apply superposition of basic velocity potentials to describe
and analyse simple potential flow fields.
 Solve differential equations of fluid motion for simple flow
fields analytically and numerically.
 Compare and calculate the laminar and turbulent boundary
layer characteristics in external and internal flows.
 Describe and calculate the properties of free turbulent jets,
wakes and mixing layers.
 Acquire, interpret, analyse experimental results and
produce a full engineering laboratory report.
 Primary Topics
Inviscid Flows: concepts of inviscid flow, newtonian fluid, velocity potential,
stream function, Rotational & irrotational flows, compressible &
incompressible flows, elementary flows (e.g., source and sink, doublets,
vortex), superposition principles, basic plane potential flows, D’Alembert
paradox.
Differential Equations of Fluid Mechanics: Review of equations governing fluid
motion, derivation of the equations of motion of an incompressible/
compressible viscous fluid (i.e., Navier-Stokes equations), simplification of
Navier-Stokes equations to solve simple fluid problems, introduction to
computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Laminar Boundary Layer Flows: Laminar flow between parallel plates & in
circular pipe and past a flat plate, Blasius solution, momentum integral
equation.
Turbulent Boundary Layer Flows: Mean motion and fluctuations, turbulent
flow in circular pipe and past a flat plate, momentum integral equation,
turbulent models.
Free Turbulent Flows: Turbulent flows in free jets, wakes, and mixing layer.
 Textbooks
Main Textbooks:
1. Cengel, Y.A., Cimbala, J.M. Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Ed, 2010, McGraw
Hill.
2. Munson, B.R., Young, D.F., Okiishi, T.H. Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 6th Ed , 2010, Wiley.

Additional References:
1. Fox, R.W., McDonald, A.T., Pritchard, P.J. Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 6th Ed, 2010, Wiley.
2. White, F.M. Viscous Fluid Flow, 3rd Ed, 2006, McGraw Hill.
3. White, F.M. Fluid Mechanics, 5th Ed, 2005, McGraw Hill.
4. Wilkes J.O. Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, 1999, Prentice
Hall International Series
5. Anderson, J.D., Jr. Computational Fluid Dynamics 1999, McGraw Hill.
 Laboratories
1. Boundary layer flow over flat plate: To study the development of
boundary layer flow over a flat plate.
2. Flow visualization: To visualize the flow patterns behind obstacles
immersed in water.
3. Free and forced vortex: To study different properties of free and
forced vortex.
4. Pressure distribution on circular cylinder and airfoil: To obtain
surface pressure distribution on an airfoil NACA 0012.
5. Free turbulent jet: To obtain the velocity profiles in the free
turbulent jet.
 Laboratories

You will be asked to conduct only TWO

experiments.

The materials on the lab manuals will be tested

in the exam as well.
 Assessment
No. Method of Assessment Total (%)
1. Coursework 40
a) Mid-term Test
b) CFD assignment
c) Laboratory Report 1
d) Laboratory Report 2

2. Final Examination 60
 Exams

 Close-book 1-hour Midterm Examination

 Close-book 2-hour Final Examination
(subject to change)
 CFD Assignment
 You will form groups of 5 to solve a fluid problem
numerically using commercial computational
dynamics (CFD) software (GAMBIT and
FLUENT).
 One whole-class tutorial will be given, but you
also have to learn most of the parts by yourself.
(Note that the manual for FLUENT alone is
already ~2000 pages.)
 The report format and requirements will be
provided.
 The due date to submit hardcopy and softcopy
of your assignment is 16 August 2008.
 Policies
 You are responsible for everything covered in
class, in the reading, and in the assigned
homework problems.
 Plagiarism
 TURN HANDPHONES OFF IN CLASS!
 Late assignments are not accepted.
 No make-up exams, except for documented
emergencies.
What do you see?
 Policies
 Cheating in examination and class test – Academic
Dishonesty
 Engineers have a trust placed on them by society
to ensure that the public safety is seriously
protected. This trust must not be violated. For this
reason, any form of cheating will not be tolerated in
this class.
 Cheating is defined to include copying from other
students, helping others on a test, or being in the
possession of forbidden materials during
examinations or tests.
 Representing the work of others as your own will
result in a grade of 0.0 for the particular work.
 Contacting Me
Outside of Class and Office Hours
Dr. Lai Soon Onn

 SA Block Level 5 West Wing

 Make an appointment in class or office hours
 Email: [email protected]

OR

Ms.Jaslyn Low Foon Siang

 SA Block Level 4 East Wing

 Make an appointment in class or office hours
 Email: [email protected]
 Wind Tunnels

Settling Chamber: The purpose of the settling chamber is to straighten the airflow.
Contraction Cone: The contraction cone takes a large volume of low-velocity air and reduces
it to a small volume of high-velocity air without creating turbulence.
Test Section: The test section is where the test article and sensors are placed.
Diffuser: The diffuser slows the speed of airflow in the wind tunnel.
Drive Section: The drive section provides the force that causes the air to move through
the wind tunnel.
Wind Tunnel in Clarkson University
My university
Wind Tunnel in NASA
Model inside Test Section
Airflow Past a Car
 Flow Visualization

Flow visualization of wake Simulation of a

behind a circular cylinder turbulent jet
Some Gas Flow Visualization
Images
Smoke visualization

Flow past aerofoil

Laminar smoke jet

 Liquid Flows
Flow over Aerofoil

Particle visualization

Dye visualization
Vortex
Pressure Distribution
 Jets and Plumes

Near field of a jet

Flow below an ice cube
in water

Free jet and flame jet

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

 CFD uses numerical methods (therefore computers

are used) and algorithms to solve and analyze
problems that involve fluid flows.

 Only approximate solutions can be achieved in many

cases. More accurate codes that can accurately and
quickly simulate even complex scenarios such as
supersonic or turbulent flows are an ongoing area of
research.

 Validation of such codes is often performed using a

wind tunnel.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
 The fundamental basis of any CFD problem is the Navier-
Stokes equations, which define any single-phase fluid flow.
 The most fundamental consideration in CFD is how one treats
a continuous fluid in a discretized fashion on a computer.
 One method is to discretize the spatial domain into small cells
to form a volume mesh or grid, and then apply a suitable
algorithm to solve the equations of motion. Such a mesh can be
either irregular or regular (Finite Volume Method, FVM).
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

 In many instances, other equations (mostly convective-

diffusion equations) are solved simultaneously with the
Navier-Stokes equations. These other equations can include
those describing species concentration, chemical reactions,
heat transfer, etc.

 More advanced codes allow the simulation of more

complex cases involving multi-phase flows (eg, liquid/gas,
solid/gas, liquid/solid) or non-Newtonian fluids (such as
blood).
FLUENT Flow Modeling Software
(http://www.fluent.com)
 FLUENT is the CFD solver of choice for complex flows
ranging from incompressible (low subsonic) to mildly
compressible (transonic) to highly compressible (supersonic and
hypersonic) flows.
 The first step in analysis is preprocessing which involves
building aDecember 8, 2021 model or importing one from a CAD
package, applying a finite-volume-based mesh, and entering data.
 Once the numerical model is prepared, FLUENT performs the
necessary calculations and produces the results.
 The final step in analysis is postprocessing which involves
organization and interpretation of the data and images.
 Mesh
Example of
Dinosaur

Velocity Vector

Velocity Contour
 Example of CFD Process (Mesh)

Grid need to be refined near the

foil surface to resolve the
boundary layer
Example of CFD Process (Solve)

Residuals vs. iteration

Example of CFD Process (Reports)
Example of CFD Process (Post-
Processing)
Modeling results of FLUENT
Useful Websites for Self-Learning CFD

http://www.bakker.org/dartmouth06/engs150/

http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/EMEM831n/index.html

http://cfd.mae.wvu.edu/mae493/lecture/

http://www.fluent.com/software/sf_mesh_and_tutorials
/tutorial.htm

http://www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala/

http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/fluent/