Scribd
Upload
933 views22 pages

Detection Criteria

This document discusses various methods for detecting signals in noise, including threshold detection, Neyman-Pearson observation, likelihood ratio receivers, and inverse probability receivers. It also describes different types of radar detectors such as envelope detectors, zero-crossings detectors, and coherent detectors. Finally, it discusses automatic detection in radar systems and the key aspects involved.

Uploaded by

Gajula Suresh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
933 views22 pages

Detection Criteria

This document discusses various methods for detecting signals in noise, including threshold detection, Neyman-Pearson observation, likelihood ratio receivers, and inverse probability receivers. It also describes different types of radar detectors such as envelope detectors, zero-crossings detectors, and coherent detectors. Finally, it discusses automatic detection in radar systems and the key aspects involved.

Uploaded by

Gajula Suresh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

DETECTION CRITERIA

• The detection of weak signals in the presence of


noise is equivalent to deciding whether the receiver
output is due to noise alone or to signal-plus-noise.

• This is the type of decision probably made


(subconsciously) by a human operator on the basis
of the information present at the radar indicator.

• When the detection process is carried out


automatically by electronic means the radar
detection process was described in terms of
threshold detection.
• There are two types of errors that might be made in the
decision process.

• This occurs whenever the noise is large enough to


exceed the threshold level. In statistical detection theory
it is sometimes called a type I error. The radar engineer
would call it a false alarm.

• A type II error is one in which the signal is erroneously


considered to be noise when signal is actually present.
This is a missed detection to the radar engineer.

• The setting of the threshold represents a compromise


between these two types of errors.
• Neyman-Pearson observer:
• Most radars utilize the equivalent of the Neyman-Pearson
Observer and operate with a fixed number of pulses.

• The threshold level was selected in Chap. 2 so as not to


exceed a specified false-alarm probability; that is, the
probability of detection was maximized for a fixed
probability of false alarm.

• This is equivalent to fixing the probability of a type I


error and minimizing the type II error.

• This type of threshold detector is sometimes called a


Neyman-Pearson Observer.
• Likelihood-ratio receiver:
• The likelihood ratio is an important statistical tool
and may be defined as the ratio of the probability-
density function corresponding to signal-plus-noise,
Psn(ν),t o the probability-density function of noise
alone, pn(ν).

• It is a measure of how likely it is that the receiver


envelope ν is due to signal-plus-noise as compared
with noise alone.
• If the likelihood ratio Lr(ν) is sufficiently large, it would
be reasonable to conclude that the signal was indeed
present.

• Thus detection may be accomplished by establishing a


threshold at the out put of a receiver which computes
the likelihood ratio.
• Inverse probability receiver:
• This method has been applied by Woodward and Davies
to the reception of signals in noise.

• It is based upon the application of Bayes' rule for the


probability of causes.
• The problem of forming the best estimate of the
cause of the event is a problem in inverse probability.

• A limitation of the method of inverse probability


based on the application of Bayes' rule is the
difficulty of specifying the a priori probabilities.

• whenever the a priori probabilities are known, the


inverse-probability method may be used with
confidence.

• When the a priori probabilities are not known, the


likelihood-ratio test is usually employed.
• Relationship of inverse probability and
likelihood-ratio receivers:

• The likelihood ratio follows from inverse


probability if the assumption is made that the a
priori probabilities are equally likely.

• Both the methods may be implemented by


computing the cross-correlation function between
the received signal and the signal si(t).
• ldeal observer:

• Idea Observer was formulated by Siegert.

• The criterion of the Ideal Observer maximizes the


total probability of a correct decision (or) minimizes
the total probability of an error.

• The probability of an error is


• These probabilities must be known beforehand in
the Ideal Observer.
• The Ideal Observer applies equal weight to an error
due to a false alarm and to an error due to a miss.
• If the errors are not of equal importance, the
theory of the Ideal Observer may be modified to
take this into account using the concepts of
statistical decision theory
• Sequential observer:

• Sequential Observer makes an observation of the


receiver output and, on the basis of this single
observation, decides between one of three choices:

(1)The receiver output is due to the presence of signal


with noise

(2)The output is due to noise alone; or

(3)The available evidence is not convincing enough to


make a decision between choices 1 and 2
• The term sequential detection is sometimes used
synonymously with Sequential Observer.

• Sequential detection has also been used to describe a


two-step that can be employed with phased-array
radar.
DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS
• The portion of the radar receiver which extracts the
modulation from the carrier is called the detector.

• One form of detector is the envelope detector, which


recognizes the presence of the signal on the basis of the
amplitude of the carrier envelope. All phase information
is destroyed.

• The zerocrossings detector destroys amplitude


information.

• The coherent detector is an example of one which uses


both phase and amplitude.
• Envelope detector:
• The function of the envelope detector is to extract
the modulation and reject the carrier. By eliminating
the carrier, all phase information is lost and the
detection decision is based solely on the envelope
amplitude.

• The envelope detector consists of a rectifying


element and a low-pass filter to pass the modulation
frequencies but to remove the carrier frequency.

• In the linear detector the output signal is directly


proportional to the input envelope.
• in the square-law detector, the output signal is
proportional to the square of the input envelope.

• Assume that there are n independent pulses with


envelope amplitudes v1, v2, . . . , on available from
the radar receiver.

• The probability-density function for the envelope of


11 independent noise samples is the product of the
probability-density function for each sample.
• Logarithmic detector:

• If the output of the receiver is proportional to the


logarithm of the input envelope, it is called a
logarithmic receiver.

• The detection characteristics (probability of detection as


a function of the probability of false alarm, signal-to-
noise ratio, and the number of hits integrated) for the
logarithmic receiver have been computed by Green,
following the methods of Marcum.

• It might be used to prevent receiver saturation or to


reduce the effects of unwanted clutter targets in certain
types of non-MTI radar receivers
• Zero-crossings detector:
• The information contained in the zero crossings of
the received signal can, be used for detecting the
presence of signals in noise.

• The greater the signal-to-noise ratio the less will be


the average number of zero crossings.
• The average number of zero-crossings per second at
the output of a narrow-bandpass filter of rectangular
shape when the input is a sine wave in gaussian
noise is
• Coherent detector:
• The coherent detector consists of a reference
oscillator feeding a balanced mixer.

• The input to the mixer is a signal of known


frequency f, and known phase plus its
accompanying noise.

• The reference-oscillator signal is assumed to have


the same frequency and phase as the input signal to
be detected.
• The output of the mixer is followed by a low-pass
filter which allows only the d-c and the low-
frequency modulation components to pass while
rejecting the higher frequencies in the vicinity of the
carrier.

• Although the coherent detector may be of superior


sensitivity than other detectors it is seldom used in
radar applications since the phase of the received
signal is not usually known.
AUTOMATIC DETECTION
• The function of the radar operator viewing the
ordinary radar display is to recognize the presence
of targets and extract their location.

• When the function is performed by electronic


decision circuitry without the intervention of an
operator, the process is known as automatic
detection.

• The automatic detector has also been called plot


extractor and data extractor.
• Usually there are four basic aspects to automatic
detection:

(1) The integration of the pulses received from the


target.
(2) The detection decision; and the determination of
the target location in.
(3) Range.
(4) Azimuth.

You might also like