Scribd
Upload
411 views24 pages

Topic 3 Research Paradigm & Approach

This document discusses research paradigms and approaches. It defines a research paradigm as a set of assumptions about knowledge and reality that guide methodology. The three main paradigms discussed are interpretivism, positivism, and pragmatism. Interpretivism sees reality as subjective and uses qualitative methods. Positivism views reality as objective and employs quantitative methods. Pragmatism takes a mixed approach using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The document also distinguishes between inductive and deductive research approaches.

Uploaded by

Jom Hartanah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
411 views24 pages

Topic 3 Research Paradigm & Approach

This document discusses research paradigms and approaches. It defines a research paradigm as a set of assumptions about knowledge and reality that guide methodology. The three main paradigms discussed are interpretivism, positivism, and pragmatism. Interpretivism sees reality as subjective and uses qualitative methods. Positivism views reality as objective and employs quantitative methods. Pragmatism takes a mixed approach using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The document also distinguishes between inductive and deductive research approaches.

Uploaded by

Jom Hartanah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

RESEARCH PARADIGM &

APPROACH

Mohamad Noorman Masrek


Contents

  RESEARCH PARADIGM AND APPROACH


– Research Paradigm
– Research Methodology
– Induction & Deduction Research
Research Paradigm: An Overview

 A paradigm is a set of assumptions and


perceptual orientations shared by members of
a research community.
 Paradigms determine how members of
research communities view the phenomena
and the research methodology used to study
the phenomena.
Research Paradigm: An Overview

 A paradigm is the combination of the following


premises:
1. Epistemology
2. Ontology
3. Methodology
Research Paradigm: Epistemology

 Epistemology: concerns assumptions about


knowledge, what constitutes acceptable, valid
and legitimate knowledge, and how we can
communicate knowledge to others.
Research Paradigm: Ontology

 Ontology refers to “the nature of our beliefs about


reality” . Researchers have assumptions (sometimes
implicit) about reality, how it exists and what can be
known about it.
1. Objectivism – researchers come in as objective
observers to study phenomena that exist independently
of them and they do not affect or disturb what is being
observed.
2. Subjectivism – researchers are inextricably part of the
social reality being researched
Research Paradigm: Methodology

 Methodology is an articulated, theoretically


informed approach to the production of data
and guides the researcher in deciding what
type of data is required for a study.
1. Qualitative methodology
2. Quantitative methodology
3. Mixed Methodology
Research Paradigm: Methodology
 Qualitative research relies on methods based on
multiple meanings of individual experiences, meanings
socially and historically constructed, and with the intent
of developing a theory or pattern.
 Quantitative research relies on methods based on
cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific
variables and hypotheses and questions, use of
measurement and observation, and the test of theories.
Research Paradigm: Methodology
 Mixed methods research relies on both quantitative
and qualitative methods that are “consequence-
oriented, problem-centered, and pluralistic” (Creswell,
2003, p. 18).
Inductive vs Deductive
 Inductive Research - a study in which theory is,
“developed from the observation of empirical reality;
thus general inferences are induced from particular
instances, which is the reverse of the deductive
method since it involves moving from individual
observation to statements of general patterns or laws”
 Deductive research - as a study in which a conceptual
and theoretical structure is developed which is then
tested by empirical observation
Inductive vs Deductive
Three Research Paradigm

1. Interpretivism
2. Positivism
3. Pragmatism
Three Research Paradigm

 Interpretivism paradigm is based on the


assumption that social reality is not singular or
objective, but is rather shaped by human
experiences and social contexts (ontology),
and is therefore best studied within its socio-
historic context by reconciling the subjective
interpretations of its various participants
(epistemology).
Three Research Paradigm

 Because interpretive researchers view social


reality as being embedded within and
impossible to abstract from their social
settings, they “interpret” the reality though a
“sense-making” process rather than a
hypothesis testing process.
Three Research Paradigm

 Positivism paradigm is aligned with the


hypothetico-deductive model of science that
builds on verifying a priori hypotheses and
experimentation by operationalizing variables and
measures; results from hypothesis testing are
used to inform and advance science. regard,
generalizable inferences, replication of findings,
and controlled experimentation have been
principles guiding positivist science.
Three Research Paradigm

 Studies aligned with positivism generally focus


on identifying explanatory associations or
causal relationships through quantitative
approaches, where empirically based findings
from large sample sizes are favored-in this
regard, generalizable inferences, replication of
findings, and controlled experimentation have
been principles guiding positivist science.
Three Research Paradigm

 Pragmatism paradigm offers an experience-


based, action-oriented framework whereby the
purpose of research is to help address the
issues of dealing with how people experience
and come to know the world in a practical
sense.
Three Research Paradigm

 The focus of pragmatism is on the human


capacity to learn, reason, and make choices in
our environments; to respond to, and interact
with, our environments; and to adapt to it,
modify it, and shape it in various ways. These
are constant, dynamic, and ongoing processes
Three Research Paradigm

Paradigm Ontology Methodology Strategy


Interpretivs Subjectivism Qualitative Inductive
m
Positivism Objectivism Quantitative Deductive
Pragmatism Subjectivism Mixed Inductive/Dedu
/ Objectivism Method ctive
Three Research Paradigm
Interpretivism vs Positivism
Research Paradigm vs Methods

Interpretivism Positivism Pragmatism


• Narrative • Survey • Action
• Grounded • Pure (True) Research
Theory Experiment • Delphi
• Phenomenology • Quasi Technique
• Ethnography Experiment
• Case Study
Learning Activity

 Besides the three paradigm discussed above,


identify other paradigms and briefly explained
their premises in terms of epistemology,
ontology and methodology.
The End

You might also like