Citing Source S

CITING
SOURCE
S
CITING
SOURCES
IMPORTANT
WRITING
SECRETS
1. IMISS MODEL
Introduction
Main Idea
Illustrations
Synthesis
Synthesis
2. KISS MODEL
“Keep it Sweet,
Simple and
Structured”
3. Blender Metaphor
When you write a
paragraph, it is important to
use different sources within
each paragraph.
Parents play many important
roles in the family (Espadido,
2009). For instance, they have to
provide food, shelter, safety and
love to their children (Augustine,
2017), in addition to many other
responsibilities.
4. Sandwich Metaphor
The Sandwich Metaphor simply
refers to the idea of a sandwich.
When you make a sandwich, you
put lettuce, tomatoes, your
mayonnaise, and other products
between between the two pieces of
your ban.
Parents play an important role
in raising a child. In a recent
study, Rodriguez (2017) found
that parents “parents are some
of the busiest people on any
given day of the week” (p.32)
5. Pearls Metaphor
Using this metaphor in the
writing process of our research
paper, it is clear that we must
make sure all the different
sections of our research paper
are well interconnected.
Citing - APA style
There are two ways in
which you can refer to, or
cite, another person's work:
a) by reporting or b) by
direct quotation.
a) Reporting
This simply means
reporting the other writer's ideas
into your own words. You can
either paraphrase if you want to
keep the length the same or
summarise if you want to make
the text shorter.
1. Integral
Examples:
According to Peters (1983)
evidence from first language
acquisition indicates that lexical
phrases are learnt first as
unanalysed lexical chunks.
Evidence from first
language acquisition
indicating that lexical
unanalysed lexical chunks
was given by Peters (1983).
2. Non-integral
Examples:
Evidence from first
language acquisition (Peters,
1983) indicates that lexical
unanalysed lexical chunks.
Lexical phrases are
learnt first as
unanalysed lexical
chunks (Peters, 1983).
If you want to refer to a particular
part of the source:
According to Peters (1983, p. 56)

evidence from first language
acquisition indicates that lexical
phrases are learnt first as unanalysed
lexical chunks.
Direct
Quotation
b) Direct Quotation
Occasionally you may
want to quote another
author's words exactly.
Example:
Hillocks (1982) similarly
reviews dozens of research
findings. He writes, "The available
research suggests that teaching by
written comment on compositions
is generally ineffective" (p. 267).
Reasons for using quotations:
1. Quote if you use another person's
words: you must not use another
person's words as your own;
2. You need to support your points,
quoting is one way to do this;
3. Quote if the language used
in the quotation says what you
want to say particularly well.
Reasons for not using quotations
1. Do not quote if the information is
well-known in your subject area;
2. Do not use a quotation that
disagrees with your argument unless
you can prove it is wrong;
3. Do not quote if you cannot
understand the meaning of the
original source;
4. Do not quote if you are not
able to paraphrase the original;
5. Do not use quotations
to make your points for
you; use them
to support your points.
DIFFERENT
TECHNIQUE
S OF
QUOTING
If you decide to use a
quotation, you must be very
careful to make it clear that the
words or ideas that you are
using are taken from another
writer.
Widdowson (1979, p. 5) states
that "there is a good deal of
argument in favour of extending
the concept of competence to
cover the ability to use language
to communicative. effect
According to Widdowson
(1979),"there is a good deal of
argument in favour of
extending the concept of
competence to cover the ability
to use language to
communicative effect" (p. 5).
Example:
According to Widdowson, "there is
a good deal of argument in favour of
extending the concept of competence
to cover the ability to use language to
communicative effect" (1979, p. 5).
When you are using a direct
quotation of a single phrase or
sentence, quotation marks should
be used around the words, which
must be quoted exactly as they are
in the original. However, note the
following:
Additional
Techniques of
Quoting Sources
1. You may wish to omit some of the
author’s original words that are not
relevant to your writing. In this case,
use three dots (...) to indicate where
you have omitted words. If you omit
any of the author’s original words,
make sure you do not change the
meaning.
Example:
He stated, "The ‘placebo effect,’
... disappeared when behaviours
were studied in this manner"
(Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did
not clarify which behaviours were
studied.
2. If you need to insert
material (additions or
explanations) into a
quotation, use brackets,
([...]).
Example:
Smith (1982) found that "the
placebo effect, which had been
verified in previous studies,
disappeared when [his own and
others’] behaviours were studied in
this manner" (p. 276).
3. If the material quoted
already contains a quotation,
use single quotation marks
for the original quotation
(‘...’).
Example:
He stated, "The ‘placebo
effect,’ ... disappeared when
behaviours were studied in this
manner" (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but
he did not clarify which behaviours
were studied.
4.If the direct quotation is
long - more than two or three
lines, it should be indented
as a separate paragraph with
no quotation marks.
Example:
According to Smith (1982, p. 276):
The "placebo effect," which had been verified in

previous studies, disappeared when behaviours
were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the
behaviours were never exhibited again, even
when real drugs were administered. Earlier
studies were clearly premature in attributing the
results to the placebo effect.
SECONDARY
SOURCES
AND
MULTIPLE
Secondary sources
In all cases, if you have not actually
read the work you are referring to, you
should give the reference for the
secondary source - what you have read.
In the text, you should then use this
following method:
Example:
According to Jones (as cited

in Smith, 1982, p. 276), the ....
Multiple sources
When you are citing two or more

works by different authors within the
same parentheses, list them in
alphabetical order by the first author's
surname. Separate the citations with
semicolons.
A number of studies
(Jones, 1989; Peters &
Smith, 1976; Smith, 2005;
Young, 1963) found that …
SUGGESTED
EXPRESSIONS
TO BE
UTILIZED IN
CITING
If you agree with what the writer says.
The work of X indicates that ...

The work of X reveals that ...
The work of X shows that ...
Turning to X, one finds that ...
Reference to X reveals that ...
In a study of Y, X found that ...
If you disagree with what the writer
says.
X claims that ...

X states erroneously that ...
The work of X asserts that ...
X feels that ...
However, Y does not support X's
argument that ...
If you do not want to give your point of
view about what the writer says.
According to X...
It is the view of X that ...
The opinion of X is that ...
In an article by X, ...
Research by X suggests that ...
X has expressed a similar view.
X reports that ...
Quoting
As X said/says, "... ..."
As X stated/states, "... ..."
As X wrote/writes, "... ..."
As X commented/comments, "... ..."
As X observed/observes, "... ..."
As X pointed/points out, "... ..."
To quote from X, "... ..."
Concluding
After quoting evidence you reach a
conclusion:
The evidence seems to indicate that...
It must therefore be recognised that...
The indications are therefore that...
It is clear therefore that ...
Thus it could be concluded that...
Source:
Citing Sources. Retrieved from: http://

www.uefap.com/writing/citation/citefram
.htm
Safary Wa-Mbaleka and Ranjith

Kingstone Gladstone (2018). Qualitative
Research for Senior High School.


Citing Source S

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Citing Source S

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Citing Source S

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CITING

According to Peters (1983, p. 56)

According to Smith (1982, p. 276):

The "placebo effect," which had been verified in

According to Jones (as cited

When you are citing two or more

The work of X indicates that ...

X claims that ...

Citing Sources. Retrieved from: http://

Safary Wa-Mbaleka and Ranjith

You might also like